Strategic Initiative Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Vital Initiative Paper - Essay Example The higher current proportion than that of the business suggests that the organization had the option to improve its present resources, and decrease its present liabilities contrasted and the historical backdrop of the business. The company’s money proportion remained moderately stable with different proportions recorded by organizations in this industry at 0.3 (30%). This shows the administration was in a situation to deal with its money resources and liabilities well, keeping up a comparable proportion with that of the business (Air financial specialist 2014: An exceptional enhancement, 2014). The company’s working edge proportion remained generally stable at 0.08 (8%) contrasted and that of the business which was recorded at 0.78 (7.8%). The stable working edge implied that the organization had the option to produce enough salary from deals that have supported the company’s business. The company’s net revenue proportion was recorded at 0.05 (5%) for the year 2012 and 2013 contrasted and that of the business which was a little lower at 0.04 (4%) (2013 world carrier report, 2013). This moderately higher overall revenue shows that the organization had the option to assemble solid pay from

Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Administrative Economics - Essay Example There are a few factors that add to the evaluating of houses in a free market. The Basic Principle of interest and gracefully This essential rule of interest and flexibly would predominantly oversee the lodging market, for example at the point when the interest at lodging builds the costs will in general go up so as to arrive at balance at the current degree of gracefully. This is a common case of interest and gracefully. The balance is resolved when the cost at which the purchaser might want to make buy matches with the cost at which the dealer might want to make the exchange. Presently the estimation of the lodging properties is controlled by both the flexibly side and the interest side variables which incorporate the cost at which the dealer might want to go for the exchange with a planned purchaser and the genuine value which the purchaser might want to pay (Ngai and Tenreyro, 2009, p.7). Presently when the interest for home in a specific area is high then the deficiency of grace fully would cause the market capacity to move from the purchasers to the venders and henceforth costs would be dictated by the merchant. Along these lines, when there is abundance request in the lodging market the venders may store the private unit so as to make a value differential and make more benefits. Then again when the interest for lodging is low the dealers may settle on the costs and it would be a buyer’s showcase where the purchaser would have a ton of authority over the settlement of the costs. The interest for lodging at a specific region may increment because of segment reasons also. Assume another industry is set up in a spot where already there was no human foundation, at that point work movement will occur in that specific territory and those individuals would require private ventures. Again as the quantity of separations is expanding individuals nowadays need increasingly private units independently and subsequently the interest for lodging increments. In the above figure we see that the underlying interest for lodging in a specific region id D1 and the underlying gracefully is S1. The vertical pivot would speak to the costs of the lodging units and the even hub would speak to the amount of houses exchanged the market of that specific zone. The underlying harmony cost and amount is at P1 and Q1 individually. Presently because of populace inflow, the interest for lodging units increments to D2. The flexibly staying steady at S1, the new balance would be at the point P2Q2. A point to be noted in this setting is that because of an expansion sought after the amount provided is expanding however at the lesser rate than that of the costs, i.e., P1P2 would be more prominent than Q1Q2. It ought to be noticed that the gracefully here is moderately inelastic. The explanation for this is there is a slack in time in the middle of the value change and the enlargement of gracefully in lodging here. At the point when the flexibly of lodging turns out to be progressively versatile as in the above figure, the gracefully bend would move in the rightward heading showed by the bolt. The new gracefully bend will be S2. Presently on the off chance that we expect that the interest is unaltered, at that point the costs would will in general go down to P3 which is a value that is higher than P1 however lower than P2. On the other, the harmony amount would additionally move upwards to Q3 which is higher than both Q1 and Q2.â

Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip The Optional Mistake

Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip The Optional Mistake Last week, we discussed taking responsibility for blips in your personal, academic and/or career history via the optional essay. This week, we follow up with a simple discussion about the optional essay itself. Our title for this entry, “The Optional Mistake,” is a double entendre in that candidates often make the mistake of completing the optional essay and then make mistakes within the essay as well. 1. Choosing to write the optional essay: Many candidates feel compelled to write the optional essay, concerned that neglecting it means that they are sending the message: “I am out of additional fascinating stories that others will complete.” The truth is that the admissions committee (in virtually all cases) has offered the optional essay (or additional information space) as an opportunity for you to discuss unique circumstances in your candidacy, not to submit another 500 words on your career or an interesting personal accomplishment. Unless you have something vital that MUST be discussed, you should approach the essay itself with caution. 2. Writing the optional essay: If you feel you need to write the optional essay, we suggest that you be as brief and direct as possible. By submitting an optional essay, you are essentially asking the admissions officer to read another essayâ€"basically, to do even more workand are thus demanding more of this persons valuable time. So, the key to writing an effective optional essay is to respect this individual’s time and be as brief as possible, while still conveying all the necessary information. Thus, a discussion of your academic problems need not begin with a detailing of the excellent grades you earned in high school; a gap in your work experience need not begin with a chronology of how consistently you worked before the gap. We have seen candidates overcome any number of seemingly insurmountable obstacles, from very low GMAT scores to drunk driving arrests. We always encourage applicants to address such issues in a “short and sweet” manner (completing optional ess ays well within word limits), and time has proven that this strategy can yield results. Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip The Optional Mistake Last week,  we discussed  taking responsibility for blips in your personal, academic, and/or career history via the optional essay. Our title for this week’s post, “The Optional Mistake,” is a double entendre in that candidates often make the mistake of writing an optional essay when they perhaps should not and then make mistakes within the essay as well. Many candidates feel compelled to write an optional essay because they are concerned that not doing so will imply that they have no additional fascinating stories to share. The truth is that in virtually all cases, the admissions committee has offered the optional essay (or additional information space) to allow you to discuss possible unique circumstances in your candidacy, not so you can submit another 500 words about your career or an interesting personal accomplishment. Unless you have something vital in your candidacy that must be discussed, you should approach the idea of submitting an additional essay with caution. If you do decide to write an optional essay, be as brief and direct as possible. By submitting one, you are essentially asking the (likely overloaded) admissions officer to read yet  another  essay and are thus demanding more of this person’s valuable time. The key to writing an effective optional essay is therefore to respect this individual’s time and be as concise as possible, while still conveying all the necessary information. Thus, a discussion of your academic problems need not begin with a detailing of the excellent grades you earned in high school; a gap in your work experience need not begin with a chronology of how consistently you worked before the gap occurred. We have seen candidates overcome any number of seemingly insurmountable obstacles, from a very low GMAT score to an arrest for drunk driving. We always encourage applicants to address such issues in a “short and sweet” manner (completing any optional essays well within word limits), and time has proven tha t this strategy can yield results. For more assistance with writing an optional essay (or even just deciding whether you should write one), see our Optional Essay Guide. Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip The Optional Mistake Last week, we discussed  taking responsibility  for blips in your personal, academic and/or career history via the optional essay. This week, we follow up with a simple discussion about the optional essay itself. Our title for this entry, “The Optional Mistake,” is a double entendre in that candidates often make the mistake of completing the optional essay and then make mistakes within the essay as well. 1. Choosing to write the optional essay: Many candidates feel compelled to write the optional essay, concerned that neglecting it means that they are sending the message “I am out of additional fascinating stories.” The truth is that the admissions committee (in virtually all cases) has offered the optional essay (or additional information space) as an opportunity for you to discuss unique circumstances in your candidacy, not to submit another 500 words on your career or an interesting personal accomplishment. Unless you have something vital in your candidacy that MUST be discussed, you should approach the idea of submitting an  additional essay with caution. 2. Writing the optional essay: If you feel you need to write the optional essay, we suggest that you be as brief and direct as possible. By submitting an optional essay, you are essentially asking the admissions officer to read another essayâ€"basically, to do even more workâ€"and are thus demanding more of this persons valuable time. So, the key to writing an effective optional essay is to respect this individual’s time and  be as brief as possible, while still conveying all the necessary information. Thus, a discussion of your academic problems need not begin with a detailing of the excellent grades you earned in high school; a gap in your work experience need not begin with a chronology of how consistently you worked before the gap. We have seen candidates overcome any number of seemingly insurmountable obstacles, from a  very low GMAT score to drunk driving arrests. We always encourage applicants to address such issues in a “short and sweet” manner (completing optional essa ys well within word limits), and time has proven that this strategy can yield results. For more assistance with writing an optional essay (or even just deciding whether you need to write one), see our Optional Statement Guide. Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip The Optional Mistake Last week, we discussed taking responsibility for blips in your personal, academic, and/or career history via the optional essay. Our title for this week’s post, “The Optional Mistake,” is a double entendre in that candidates often make the mistake of writing an optional essay when they perhaps should not and then make mistakes within the essay as well. Choosing to submit an optional essay: Many candidates feel compelled to write an optional essay, concerned that not doing so will imply that they are out of additional fascinating stories. The truth is that in virtually all cases, the admissions committee has offered the optional essay (or additional information space) to allow you to discuss possible unique circumstances in your candidacy, not so you can submit another 500 words about your career or an interesting personal accomplishment. Unless you have something vital in your candidacy that must be discussed, you should approach the idea of submitting an additional essay with caution. Writing an optional essay: If you do decide to write an optional essay, be as brief and direct as possible. By submitting one, you are essentially asking the (likely overloaded) admissions officer to read yet another essay and are thus demanding more of this person’s valuable time. The key to writing an effective optional essay is therefore to respect this individual’s time and be as concise as possible, while still conveying all the necessary information. Thus, a discussion of your academic problems need not begin with a detailing of the excellent grades you earned in high school; a gap in your work experience need not begin with a chronology of how consistently you worked before the gap occurred. We have seen candidates overcome any number of seemingly insurmountable obstacles, from a very low GMAT score to an arrest for drunk driving. We always encourage applicants to address such issues in a “short and sweet” manner (completing any optional essays well within word limits) , and time has proven that this strategy can yield results. For more assistance with writing an optional essay (or even just deciding whether you should write one), see our Optional Essay Guide. Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip The Optional Mistake Last week, we discussed  taking responsibility  for blips in your personal, academic and/or career history via the optional essay. This week, we follow up with a broader discussion about the optional essay. Our title for this post, “The Optional Mistake,” is a double entendre in that candidates often make the mistake of writing an optional essay when they perhaps should not and then make mistakes within the essay as well. 1. Choosing to submit an optional essay: Many candidates feel compelled to write an optional essay, concerned that neglecting to do so will send the message “I am out of additional fascinating stories.” The truth is that the admissions committee (in virtually all cases) has offered the optional essay (or additional information space) to allow you to discuss unique circumstances in your candidacyâ€"if neededâ€"not to submit another 500 words on your career or an interesting personal accomplishment. Unless you have something vital in your candidacy that must be discussed, you should approach the idea of submitting an  additional essay with caution. 2. Writing an optional essay: If you feel you need to write an optional essay, be as brief and direct as possible. By submitting one, you are essentially asking the admissions officer to read yet another essayâ€"basically, to do even more workâ€"and are thus demanding more of this persons valuable time. The key to writing an effective optional essay is therefore to respect this individual’s time and  be as concise as possible, while still conveying all the necessary information. Thus, a discussion of your academic problems need not begin with a detailing of the excellent grades you earned in high school; a gap in your work experience need not begin with a chronology of how consistently you worked before the gap occurred. We have seen candidates overcome any number of seemingly insurmountable obstacles, from a  very low GMAT score to drunk driving arrests. We always encourage applicants to address such issues in a “short and sweet” manner (completing any optional essays well wit hin word limits), and time has proven that this strategy can yield results. For more assistance with writing an optional essay (or even just deciding whether you need to write one), see our  Optional Essay Guide. Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips Tags: optional essay Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip The Optional Mistake Last week, we discussed taking responsibility for blips in your personal, academic and/or career history via the optional essay. This week, we follow up with a simple discussion about the optional essay itself. Our title for this entry, “The Optional Mistake,” is a double entendre in that candidates often make the mistake of completing the optional essay and then make mistakes within the essay as well. 1. Choosing to write the optional essay: Many candidates feel compelled to write the optional essay, concerned that neglecting it means that they are sending the message: “I am out of additional fascinating stories.” The truth is that the admissions committee (in virtually all cases) has offered the optional essay (or additional information space) as an opportunity for you to discuss unique circumstances in your candidacy, not to submit another 500 words on your career or an interesting personal accomplishment. Unless you have something vital in your candidacy that MUST be discussed, you should approach the idea of submitting an  additional essay with caution. 2. Writing the optional essay: If you feel you need to write the optional essay, we suggest that you be as brief and direct as possible. By submitting an optional essay, you are essentially asking the admissions officer to read another essayâ€"basically, to do even more workâ€"and are thus demanding more of this persons valuable time. So, the key to writing an effective optional essay is to respect this individual’s time and  be as brief as possible, while still conveying all the necessary information. Thus, a discussion of your academic problems need not begin with a detailing of the excellent grades you earned in high school; a gap in your work experience need not begin with a chronology of how consistently you worked before the gap. We have seen candidates overcome any number of seemingly insurmountable obstacles, from a  very low GMAT score to drunk driving arrests. We always encourage applicants to address such issues in a “short and sweet” manner (completing optional essa ys well within word limits), and time has proven that this strategy can yield results. Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips

Pronoun Definition and Examples

In English grammar, a pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause. The pronoun is one of the traditional  parts of speech. A pronoun can function as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence. Unlike nouns, pronouns rarely allow modification. Pronouns are a closed word class in English: new members rarely enter the language. To understand how to recognize and correctly use pronouns, it can be helpful to review the types of pronouns that exist in English. Demonstrative Pronouns A  demonstrative  pronoun points to a particular  noun  or to the noun it replaces. These pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural, says  Ginger Software. When used to represent a thing or things, demonstrative pronouns can be either near or far in distance or time, says the online grammar, punctuation, and spelling checker, offering these examples: Near in time or distance:  this, theseFar in time or distance:  that, those There are three basic rules for using demonstrative pronouns: They always identify nouns, such as: I can’t believe this. The writer does not know what this  is, but it exists.They often describe animals, places, or things but  they can also describe people, such as:  This  sounds like Mary singing.They stand alone, distinguishing them from demonstrative adjectives, which qualify (or modify) nouns. Demonstrative pronouns can be used in place of a noun, so long as the noun being replaced can be understood from the pronoun’s context: This  was my mother’s ring.These  are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.None  of these answers is correct. Indefinite Pronouns An indefinite pronoun refers to an unspecified or unidentified person or thing. Put another way, an indefinite pronoun doesnt have an  antecedent. Indefinite pronouns include  quantifiers  (some, any, enough, several, many, or much);  universals  (all, both, every, or  each); and  partitives  (any, anyone, anybody, either, neither, no, nobody, some, or  someone). For example: Everyone  did as  he  pleased.Both  of us match the donation.Some coffee  is  left. Many of the indefinite pronouns can function as  determiners. Interrogative Pronouns The term  interrogative pronoun  refers to a  pronoun  that introduces a  question. These words are also called a  pronominal interrogative. Related terms include  interrogative,  wh-word, and  question word, although these terms are usually not defined in precisely the same way.  In English,  who, whom, whose, which,  and  what  commonly function as interrogative pronouns, for example: Even if you do learn to speak correct English,  whom  are you going to speak it to?- Clarence Darrow When immediately followed by a  noun,  whose, which, and  what  function as  determiners  or interrogative adjectives.  When they start a question, interrogative pronouns  have no antecedent, because  what they refer to is precisely what the question is trying to find out. Reflexive Pronouns A  reflexive pronoun  ends  in  -self  or  -selves  and is  used as an  object  to refer to a previously named  noun  or pronoun in a sentence. It can also simply be called a  reflexive. Reflexive pronouns usually follow  verbs  or  prepositions. For example: Good breeding consists of concealing how much we think of  ourselves  and how little we think of the other person.-  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Mark Twain Reflexive pronouns, which have the forms  myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, oneself, and  themselves, are essential to the meaning of a sentence. Intensive Pronouns An  intensive pronoun  ends in  -self  or  -selves  and emphasizes its  antecedent. It is also known as an  intensive reflexive pronoun. Intensive pronouns often appear as  appositives  after  nouns  or other pronouns, for example: He wondered, as he had many times wondered before, whether he  himself  was a lunatic.- George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four Intensive pronouns have the same forms as  reflexive pronouns:  myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, oneself, and  themselves. Unlike reflexive pronouns, intensive pronouns are not essential to the basic meaning of a sentence. Personal Pronouns A  personal pronoun  refers to a particular person, group, or thing. Like all pronouns, personal pronouns can take the place of  nouns  and  noun phrases. These are the personal pronouns in English: First-person singular:  I  ( subject), me (object)First-person plural:  we  (subject), us (object)Second-person singular and plural:  you  (subject  and  object)Third-person singular:  he, she, it  (subject),  him, her, it  (object)Third-person plural:  they  (subject),  them  (object) Note that personal pronouns  inflect  for  case  to show whether they are serving as  subjects  of clauses or as  objects  of verbs or prepositions. All the personal pronouns except  you  have distinct forms indicating  number, either  singular  or  plural. Only the third-person singular pronouns have distinct forms indicating  gender: masculine (he, him), feminine (she, her), and neuter (it). A personal pronoun (such as  they) that can refer to both masculine and feminine entities is called a  generic pronoun. Possessive Pronouns A possessive pronoun can take the place of a  noun phrase  to show ownership, as in, This phone is  mine. The  weak  possessives (also called  possessive determiners) function as  determiners  in front of  nouns, as in, My  phone is broken. The weak possessives are  my, your, his, her, its, our, and  their. In contrast, the  strong  (or  absolute)  possessive pronouns  stand on their own:  mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,  and  theirs. The strong possessive is a type of  independent genitive. A possessive pronoun never takes an  apostrophe. Reciprocal Pronouns A reciprocal pronoun expresses a mutual action or relationship. In English, the reciprocal pronouns are  each other  and  one another, as in this example: Leadership and learning are indispensable to  each other.- John F. Kennedy, in a speech prepared for delivery on the day of his  assassination, Nov. 22, 1963 Some  usage  guides insist that  each other  should be used to refer to two people or things, and  one another  to more than two. Relative Pronouns A  relative pronoun  introduces an  adjective clause  (also called a  relative clause), as in: Spaghetti at her table,  which  was offered at least three times a week, was a mysterious red, white, and brown concoction.- Maya Angelou, Mom Me Mom The standard relative pronouns in English are  which, that, who, whom,  and  whose.  Who  and  whom  refer only to people.  Which  refers to things, qualities, and ideas—never to people.  That  and  whose  refer to people, things, qualities, and ideas. Source What is a Demonstrative Pronoun? Ginger Software, 2019.

Essay on Racial Profiling by Law Enforcement is Not Justified

When we are children we are taught not to judge a book by its cover, for most of us this is easier said than done. Racial profiling is something that affects millions of people in the United States alone. Seemingly innocent people are being targeted solely by the color of their skin and their nationality. Whether racial profiling somebody is appropriate or not is a topic widely discussed by individuals everywhere. The question is however, is it right to judge somebody just because they look different then you? I think not. As a nation we grow up watching television shows and movies that instigate people of another race are bad or tend to get into more trouble. Whether it is an African- American man who is completing a drug deal in the†¦show more content†¦They were completing an experiment in which three young Caucasian boys were seen vandalizing a vehicle in a busy park. The experiment was to see how much of a reaction these particular boys would get from people passing by and if anybody would step in or call the authorities. Only one person out of approximately thirty who witnessed the activities contacted the police. When the Caucasian boys were then replaced with those who were of African - American descent, nearly everybody jumped into action and confronted the boys in an attempt to stop them or they ended up calling the police. When the host appeared and asked if the reason the people witnessing the activity stepped in was because of the color of the skin, many of the bystanders stated they would have responded the same way regardless of the color of the teen’s skin. It’s interesting that’s not what the undercover camera crew captured. One of the most frequent cases of racial profiling would have to take place in our nation’s airports. The airport security teams have a tendency of targeting those whose ethnic background is not of Caucasian descent. In recent years, you cannot even take a trip with your family without running the risk of having an obtrusive body scan or being patted down by a complete stranger if they are wary of your nationality. All while Little Johnny and Suzy Smith are welcome to continue on with their tripShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling And Its Impact On America1613 Words   |  7 PagesKarthik Reddy Mr. Cicoria Rhetoric, Composition Literature-6 27 January 2016 Racial Profiling in America Post 9/11, racial profiling exhibited by law enforcement not only to my race but other minorities in America has been unacceptable and can be rectified by establishing better and more efficient security procedures in airports that are not tied to or based upon race. The significance of national security is of great importance as we, members of a civilized society, are in an age where our peaceRead MoreRacial Profiling1321 Words   |  6 PagesANALYSIS OF â€Å"RACIAL PROFILING AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE† 1 Analysis of â€Å"Racial Profiling and Criminal Justice† Domenica Martinez Colorado Mesa University ANALYZING RACIAL PROFILING AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 Research Question I chose to analyze article titled â€Å"Racial Profiling and Criminal Justice† which is written By Jesper Ryberg withinRead MoreRacism And Discrimination : America s Justice System1301 Words   |  6 Pagesabilities can be attributed to people simply on the basis of their race and that some racial groups are greater than others. When we are children, we are taught not to try a book by its cover, but for most of us this is easier said than done. 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Two key issues centralRead MoreRacism Is Not As Cruel Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican-Americans or any minority of different racial groups face several challenges in their everyday life, like the difference in income, education, health, and criminal justice. This essay will outline the main problems of racism that still occur in the community of African-Americans, particularly focusing on racial profiling, shooting of unarmed black citizens and different criminal justice that has been unfairly justified. Racial profiling is the practice of law enforcement officers targeting individuals forRead More An Argument Against Racial Profiling Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesI dont want to talk about whether or not racial profiling is legal. Racial profiling is not an effective law enforcement tool. -- Eric Holder, 82nd Attorney General of the United States Before any argument can be made against racial profiling, it is important to understand what racial profiling is. 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Racial profiling causes citizens to distrust their law enforcement, is based on falseRead MoreRacial Profiling, An Unjust Act And A Big Problem1452 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the 11 Facts about Racial Discrimination, â€Å"The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics concluded that an African American male born in 2001 has a 32% chance of going to jail in his lifetime, while a Latino male has a 17% chance, and a white male only has a 6% chance† (11 Facts about Racial Discrimination 1). Racial profiling, or discriminating against a whole group of people based on their race, is an unjust act and a big problem in our society today. Arresting people because of how they lookRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1465 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Profiling Racial Profiling is just what it is. Targeting individuals for suspicion of a violation determined by the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Race and location are the supreme characteristics law enforcement visually examine when engaging in this type of profiling. African-American males are the primary victims of racial profiling in the United States. The phrase â€Å"driving while black† derive from African Americans protesting that they are pulled over by policeRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Law Enforcements1418 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review This paper outlines the studies, incidents, facts and statistics that have found evidence of racial profiling which causes distrust in the law enforcements (police, government etc0. Studies of racial profiling shows that blacks, Hispanics, Middle Eastern and other racial minorities are more likely to be stopped than those who are white. They are more likely to be stopped and searches, traffic stops, license and registration checks. In addition they are more likely to be ticketed

Financial Analysis Return On Equity Decomposition

Table of Contents Financial Analysis 2 Multiyear Return on Equity Decomposition – Co. and Major Competitors 2 Net Profit Margin 4 Asset Turnover 5 Financial Leverage 5 General Ratio Comparisons to Competitors and Industry Averages 6 Profitability 6 Return On Common Equity 6 Return On Total Assets 7 Gross Profit Margin 8 Asset Management 10 Operating Working Capital Turnover 10 Inventory Turnover 11 Liquidity 12 Current Ratio 12 Quick Ratio 13 Operating Cash Flow Ratio 13 Debt Coverage 14 Debt to Assets 14 Total Debt / Common Equity 15 Interest Coverage 16 Sources 18 Financial Analysis The financial analysis is a powerful tool that allows the study of accounting information from the financial statements and indicators. We†¦show more content†¦The missing ratios of decomposition will be analyzed further. Net Profit Margin Net Profit Margin 2010 2011 2012Show MoreRelatedFinancial Ratio Analysis1498 Words   |  6 PagesGriffith University, Gold Coast | Group Assignment for 2204AFE Financial Institutions Management | Comparative Analysis of ANZ and Westpac | | s2758329, s2762895, s2773847, s2784238Diamond, E., Dong, G., Huang, Y. amp; Lin, B.Due: 5th April 2012Tutor: Sonja Kobinger | | | The following report is a brief comparative analysis of two of Australia’s largest deposit-taking financial institutions (FI), Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd. (ANZ) and Westpac Banking CorporationRead MoreThe Value Of Financial Ratio Analysis1616 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermining the state of the economy. In this paper, I will describe the methods used to assess the macroeconomic environment, discuss the value of financial ratio analysis in the context of common stock investing and compare intrinsic value and market price. Macroeconomic environment Unlike their counterparts during the great depression, financial policymakers today have enormous statistics at their disposal that slightly makes decision making easier. Significantly, the lack of data during theRead MoreFinancial Performance Of The Business Management1565 Words   |  7 PagesFinancial As the final results of the business management activities to be reflected by the financial situation of enterprises, so the enterprise financial evaluation methods as a fundamental evaluation system. 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Looking at women by scott russell sanders free essay sample

The goal of this course is to develop basic skills for facilitating the acquisition of personal and discipline-based knowledge pertaining to Social Sciences. Students will learn to locate pertinent information both in the library and through computer-based resources. In addition, students will develop the capacity to understand the structure of a text, draw out the authors hypotheses and discuss the value of the argument proposed. The course will also focus on developing critical reading skills and refining skills in written and oral communication. COURSE THEME Social movements are agents of transformative social change which influence public policy, reform institutions, change public opinion and contribute to processes of democratization. Even when they fail to bring about substantive changes, activists inspire debate, transform personal behaviors and bring about changes in values and culture. Because of their profound impact, social movements are a central preoccupation of sociological theorizing and analysis. This course will provide an introduction to some of the key sociological concepts, theory and research involved in the study of social movements. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking at women by scott russell sanders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We will focus on case studies of historical and contemporary North American and global activism, including the civil rights movement, the womens movement, gay/lesbian activism, environmentalism, the animal rights movement and the global justice movement. We will also expand our focus to nondemocratic contexts in order to understand how these dynamics function in different contexts. Our goal in this course will be to understand some of the ways social movements act to realize their goals but also some of the dilemmas they face in their projects of social change. Introduction to studying the Social Sciences (SCS 1150) GENERAL COURSE OBJECTIVES Enable the student to reflect on and develop a critical perspective on social phenomena. By examining a specific theme and its causes, consequences and the roles of the players involved, the student will be encouraged to reflect on this theme through individual and group activities. SPECIFIC COURSE OBJECTIVES Develop written and oral communication skills in the student’s primary language. Introduce the student to contemporary issues in the discipline of study. Develop the student’s abilities to analyse and synthesize. Develop the student’s research capabilities to: Carry out a simple research assignment using the appropriate tools Find the necessary information Work independently Develop the student’s capacity to dialogue with others. Use appropriate citation methods COURSE MATERIALS There are two mandatory sets of reading materials: 1. Textbook: Social Movements by Suzanne Staggenborg (available at the University bookstore) 2. Coursepack: SCS 1150 Social Movements theme (available from Rytec Printing, 404 Dalhousie St.) COURSE REQUIREMENTS 1. Students are expected to attend all seminars, have completed readings for each class, be ready to discuss them and to hand all assignments in on time. 2. Students are required to meet the professor twice during the semester: to discuss and finalize the topic for the term paper topic in weeks 4/5 to approve the term paper outline and reference list in weeks 7/8 there is also an optional meeting for the oral presentation in weeks 10/11 You will be asked to sign-up for the meetings. DO NOT miss your appointment. It will not be rescheduled. 3. Please consult Virtual Campus regularly. Important information will be posted here regarding assignments, seminars and due dates. Powerpoint presentations from class lectures will be posted before the final exam review. 4. There are five graded assignments: a. Text Summary: In this assignment you will be asked to summarize a text. This text has been selected by the professor and additional details will be provided in class. b. Outline and annotated reference list: For this assignment you will use the sample provided in class to develop an outline of your final paper. The outline will include an annotated reference list of no less than 6 appropriate and scholarly references. Additional details to be provided in class. c. Term paper: Building on your outline, the term paper assignment is a researchbased paper of approximately 2,000-2,500 words in which you are expected to make Introduction to studying the Social Sciences (SCS 1150)

Poor quality exports

Despite the fact that poor quality products are banned for sale in the United States and Europe, these products still find their way into other markets outside the stated markets. Some countries, especially the developing countries, are thus being flooded with recycled, old, obsolete or damaged goods from the international markets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poor quality exports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This poses a very big problem to local producers in such countries and it is also a potential time bomb that is bound to weaken international trade ties. With the contemporary efforts that companies and countries are making towards getting a share of the international market, the aforementioned habitual exportation of poor quality goods is bound to phase itself out. Developing countries have been fairly associated with all sorts of problems. These countries are normally subjected to unfair trade agree ments by other countries that offer them development assistance. It is these agreements that pave way for importation of poor quality goods in the developing countries. A development partner may offer to aid a given developing country to construct roads with the terms that all the materials to be used in this project will come from the country undertaking the project. This attracts exploitation of the developing country since the country may not have a choice. Thus poor quality construction materials will be imported to the country. The exportation of poor quality goods is bound to bring problems to both parties involved. The country to which the goods are exported will indubitably face problems from the competition of products from local manufacturers with the imported products. The imported products are bound to decrease the demand for locally manufactured products since, with their poor quality, they will most probably be offered at low prices. The other problem will be the effec ts that these poor-quality products will have on the consumers. For instance, the stated case of a road built with poor-quality materials, the road will most probably get damaged quickly. This will lead to dissatisfaction of stakeholders in its country of domicile. The effect of this will be that the exporter who provided the goods and services to the country may be banned from transacting with the country. With the stated contemporary efforts y companies and countries to sustainably establish themselves in the international markets and with the contemporary consumers who value quality, such practices as the exportation of poor quality goods are bound to become the contemporary dinosaurs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consumers are increasingly fishing for goods from the international markets in order to get quality goods. It, therefore, follows that when the quality is co mpromised, they will have nothing to do with the company or country providing the goods and with time, the exporters of poor quality goods will have to produce and export quality products. Although there are a number of factors that make it hard to completely phase out the exportation of poor quality products, the practice will, undoubtedly, get extinct with time. This is due to the rising demand for quality goods and the increasing economic independence of developing countries. The countries that practice this unethical trade behavior should take responsibility and find better ways of reaching the poor markets in developing countries. This is because the poor quality goods that they export to such countries may have serious effects on their consumers. One of the approaches that such exporters may use is the production of quality goods in large quantities and meant for export to certain countries. They can then enter in agreements with such countries to ensure that they will sell in large quantities. This essay on Poor quality exports was written and submitted by user Brittany P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Elderly Abuse In Nursing Homes In Pakistan Social Work Essays

Elderly Abuse In Nursing Homes In Pakistan Social Work Essays Elderly Abuse In Nursing Homes In Pakistan Social Work Essay Elderly Abuse In Nursing Homes In Pakistan Social Work Essay Ageing is the cosmopolitan phenomenon encountered by every human single across the life span. All human existences expect for a healthy and happy old age but non many of them pull off to acquire all those in world. In this current century, universe scenario is altering quickly in the signifier of rise in aged population than earlier. Many developing states including Pakistan are affected by this planetary alteration. A study on planetary wellness and ripening shared recent statistics that in 2010, an estimated 524 million were aged 65 old ages or older doing 8 % of universe population. It is interesting to observe that by 2050 this figure is expected to treble to about 1.5 billion meaning 16 % of universe s population ( WHO Report, 2011 ) . Ironically, in developing states, geriatric population between 2010 and 2050 is expected to increase more than 250 per centum as compared to developed states. Ali and Kaini ( 2003 ) add that this tendency in ageing is the consequence of the demogr aphic displacement in birthrate rates in combination with mortality rates ensuing in ripening of the population ( p. 1 ) . Having a glimpse at our national scenario, it is estimated that the proportion of population 60 old ages and above in Pakistan will increase from 5.8 per centum in the twelvemonth 2000 to 7.3 per centum in 2025 and 12.4 per centum in 2050 ( United Nations, 2002 ) . Reason for the choice of this subject I came up with my thesis subject as every twelvemonth peculiarly on festivals such as Eid, different media channels broadcast plans where positions of aged who are shacking in their shelter places are taken. The oculus catching minute was the hurting and call these ageing parents expressed, when their kids neglected and dumped them in shelter places, when they most need support in their last old ages of life. This event influenced me to work for my thesis in the field of gerontologies. Therefore, in the visible radiation of the important planetary and national figures, the awaited demographic tendency will ensue in more aging population. Increase in ageing will predispose the seniors to endure in chronic unwellnesss, disablements and new disease forms. Another, considerable turning fact is that, due to the displacement of social paradigm, aged population will be the most vulnerable group necessitating wellness attending presently and in the old ages in front. Therefore, it is recomme nded that older grownups should stay socially active in their ulterior old ages ( Bergstrom, Holmes A ; Pecchioni, 2000 ) . The findings from the proposed research part in this country peculiarly in Pakistani context will help in make fulling the spread where aged population can renew themselves without being isolated from societal life, and can populate with quality, self-respect and free of force in their empty nest yearss. Significance of the job Many decennaries ago the construct of force against adult females and kids was objected throughout the universe but researches in these countries have resulted in the protection and formation of Torahs for these groups. Likewise, aged maltreatment is yet another novel and critical public wellness and societal issue that need prompt attending. Infact, it is one of the most serious topic which is under reported nationally and internationally ensuing in 1000s of soundless victims. Numerous surveies are being conducted in the developed states on the assorted facets of the ageing population in order to guarantee optimal quality in the ulterior stage of life clip. However, many of the South Asiatic states including Pakistan are confronting serious challenges of reduced economic system, low nest eggs, high rising prices rates ; fiscal benefits for few per centums of authorities employees, deficiency of wellness insurance coverage are doing the life of this vulnerable group questionable. Apa rt from these brushs, aged population are facing with the diminution of extended household system and the outgrowth of atomic households ( Jalal A ; Younis, 2012 ) . In Asiatic civilizations, many of socio cultural patterns are grounded on construct of extended household system. Old members of the household are taken attention by the immature coevals and it is regarded dishonourable if any senior lives entirely or in nursing place. In add-on to it, this passage has led to the diminution in older determination doing power and place and to bask subsequently old ages with self-respect and dignity. Due to this transition the aged are at hazard, as the younger and more productive members of the household take over, marginalising the aged into places of dependance both societal and economic ( Subzwari A ; Azhar, 2010, p. 2 ) . Another of import alteration that has taken topographic point in the last twosome of old ages is that younger persons are migrating for better employment chances go forthing behind parents with no 1 to care for them, doing aged to populate entirely or they are shifted to shelter places. Sabzwari and Azhar ( 2010 ) supports that one in five patients at the third attention infirmary in Karachi are aged. It is estimated that at least 6-7 % of aged sing geriatric clinics at the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi are populating entirely with small aid ( p. 2 ) . Addition in life anticipation has led to significant addition in aging population globally and it is predicted that the universe s aged population will go on to increase with an estimated rate at 67 % residing in developing states by the twelvemonth 2020 ( Karunakara A ; Stevenson, 2012, Aging population subdivision, parity. 1 ) . In Pakistani context, 60 old ages is designated as the age of aged. Jalal and Younis ( 2012 ) portions WHO report that: 5.6 % of Pakistan s population was over 60 old ages of age, with a chance of duplicating to 11 % by the twelvemonth 2025. Pakistan s life anticipation was increased from 45.6 old ages in 1950 to 66.8 old ages in 2008 with a chance of increasing to 72 old ages by 2023 ( p. 2 ) . Hence, the diminution of popular extended household system and rise of calling oriented households, and alteration in familial values compounded by significant addition in ageing, topics older population to maltreatment and this country requires immediate consideration. Jamuna ( 2003 ) rationalizes that a series of developments, such as urbanisation, industrialisation, and migration, and a turning sense of philistinism and individualistic orientations have threatened the civilization of past ( p.129 ) . One important cause for low rate of maltreatment in Asiatic civilizations is conformity to the value of regard for their seniors whereas western civilizations sideline them but dismaying mark is that this malignant neoplastic disease is bit by bit turning in our civilization. Research inquiry Older people are left with infinite jobs in their ulterior stage of life where these old ages are believed to populate in regard, sedateness and dignity with their married kids and grandchildren. On the contrary, this age group has to pass their lives in isolation at place or in shelter places due to neglect and barbarous intervention by them. Although, these old places are answer to most in demand yet they still non supply a solution to bulk of the population. Our civilization despite its gradual transmutation still adheres to the value of caring for their aged at place ( Subzwari A ; Azhar, 2010 ) . Elder maltreatment is the dismaying public wellness issue nowadays in both developed and developing states. Very small information is available sing the extent of ill-treatment in aged particularly in developing states, it is estimated that 4-6 % of aged people have experienced some signifier of ill-treatment at place. ( WHO fact sheet, 2011 ) . However, older people are frequently afr aid to describe instances of ill-treatment to household, friends, or to the governments. There is no dependable informations or research conducted in Pakistani context, where agonies of these aged populations populating in nursing places could be researched and addressed. Dildar, Saeed and Sharjeela ( 2012 ) references that elder maltreatment and disregard are hard to quantify as these occur in the privateness of the place, establishments and under reported in our state ( p. 662 ) . Based on the above facts and literature I came up with the research inquiry that, what are the experience and the perceptual experience of aged people populating in nursing place in Karachi, Pakistan? Literature hunt scheme Literature hunt was conducted in a systematic manner by using available electronic databases, in order to reexamine and research existing literature related to maltreatment of aged population in nursing place. In order to observe relevant literature, two major databases, CINHAL plus with full text and PUBMED was used. Another hunt engine like Google bookman was besides searched to happen the relevant literature beginnings. These databases were searched for the clip period between the twelvemonth 2000 and 2012. Different cardinal words or combination of cardinal words along with the usage of Boolean operators were used for all hunt engines, like senior maltreatment and nursing places, elder ill-treatment and nursing places. A equivalent word for senior maltreatment like geriatric maltreatment and for nursing place like shelter place was typed on the hunt saloon. Relevant articles were hunted when the key words were written in research rubric, abstract of reappraisal articles of all in formations bases. A separate hunt was carried out for placing the available literature in Pakistan for this intent the term Pakistan was added along with other cardinal words to seek relevant Pakistani beginnings. Mention lists of retrieved articles from these databases were besides checked for relevant literature. Search from all informations bases were narrowed down by the usage hunt filters like twelvemonth scope, gender, age and linguistic communication. For item literature hunt and figure of hits ( See appendix A ) . Literature reappraisal analysis on aged maltreatment in nursing places Definition The topic of senior maltreatment began to have acknowledgment since 1970, and the first roar on senior maltreatment appeared in UK medical diaries in 1975 as granny banging . It was identified by British Gerontologist and the first population based survey was done in USA in 1988. International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse ( INPEA ) defines older maltreatment is a individual or repeated act or deficiency of appropriate action, happening within any relationship where there is an outlook of trust which causes injury or hurt to an older individual ( INPEA, 2002, p. 3 ) . Age bracket for aged is 60 old ages and above. Some anticipations indicate that one million people turn 60 every month and 80 % of these are from the developing universe ( WHO/INPEA, 2002 ) . All the susceptible victims of maltreatment who are 65 old ages or more and enduring from mental upset, chronic disease, and disablement mostly depend on the funded establishments or NGO s but if there is fiscal restraint so these vulnerable groups have to restrict them to place. ( srilanka 2009 ) . There is considerable argument on the definition of senior maltreatment because some civilizations foster certain behaviours that may be considered as maltreatment in different cultural context. In Australia, senior refers to older local people who have specific places of power within native communities. It was recommended that elder maltreatment be replaced with senior maltreatment in an Australian context as it referred to original and senior population ( Ryan, 2009 ) . It can be argued that maltreatment occurs within a relationship where there is an outlook of trust, no affair different civilizations gives different definitions on senior maltreatment. However McFerran ( 2009 ) , asserts that research on domestic force in aged adult females asserts that, it is based on unequal power dealingss and traditional devaluation of adult females, non on relationships based on trust ( as cited in Ryan, 2009, Definition of senior maltreatment, parity. 3 ) . Therefore, irrespective of the type of maltreatment, it will decidedly ensue in pointless wretchednesss, strivings and sorrows, and lessening quality of life of aged. Types of senior maltreatment Elder maltreatment is categorized into five different types: physical maltreatment, psychological /emotional maltreatment, financial/material maltreatment, sexual maltreatment and disregard ( WHO/INPEA, 2002 ) . Most recent informations from USA provinces that, there are about 570,000 instances of senior maltreatment reported each twelvemonth, 55 % of the instances suffer from disregard which is the most common signifier of senior ill-treatment ( Facts on senior maltreatment, 2012 ) . Economic maltreatment is one of the most often reported signifiers of maltreatment, followed by disregard, psychological or emotional and eventually physical maltreatment. Sexual maltreatment of seniors is non reported every bit often as any other type of maltreatment ( Ryan, 2009 ) . Another dimension of senior ill-treatment is that it is non restricted to place environment, hazard is even go forthing them in nursing places, infirmaries and long term attention installations. An empirical survey in New Zealand reveals that psychological maltreatment ( 59 % ) is followed by material/financial ( 42 % ) and physical maltreatment ( 12 % ) were most often identified types of maltreatment. Sexual maltreatment occurred in 2 % of reported instances ( Gadit, 2009 ) . Canada is one of the universe s extremely civilised states studies that 22 % of Canadians think a senior they know personally might be sing some signifier of maltreatment, 90 % feel that the maltreatment experienced by an older individual frequently gets worse over clip ( Govt of Canada,2008, speedy facts on senior maltreatment in Canada ) . Deductions of the proposed research in nursing It is a ambitious undertaking for all wellness attention suppliers to expeditiously measure the aged group so that maltreatment can be identified and reported for the immediate intercessions. Proposed research on this topic will do people cognizant, that elder maltreatment will forestall older members from being favourable and positive members of the society. Furthermore, grounds based cognition on this affair will help in safeguarding and advancing public assistance of the aged clients. Harmonizing to Lachs and Pillemer ( 1995 ) guidelines from the American Medical Association suggest that all older grownups be asked by their doctors about household force, even in the absence of symptoms potentially attributable to mistreat or pretermit ( p. 438 ) . A careful history pickings and interviewing technique is important in placing accurate information on the possible maltreatment. If the force on senior is confirmed so precedence is to guarantee safety of the aged individual by dividin g from the culprit. In the western states, based on their cultural background, bulk of the old age population resides in shelter places. In Karachi, nursing places are managed by private NGO s or spiritual organisations. The Catholic Church runs three old people places in Karachi, and people shacking in these old places pay a minimum fees, and remainder are generated through the church ( Subzwari A ; Azhar, 2010 ) . Some nursing places are governed by spiritual communities working wihh the aid of voluntary and contribution support. Gadit ( 2009 ) identifies that Edhi Foundation is one glowering illustration of a service where abandoned aged people are housed. These aged people are shunned off by their kids under different stalking-horses like poorness, unwellness among aged and general intolerance ( p. 3 ) . Recommendation for the bar of senior maltreatment A national policy for the publicity of better wellness of the aged was designed in 1999, but execution is yet to be seen. This policy integrated preparation of primary attention physicians in gerontologies, handiness of dental attention, domiciliary attention, and a multi-tiered system of wellness attention suppliers for aged including physical healers and societal workers. ( sabeena jaleel 2012 ) . An of import recommendation is the induction of awareness plans among wellness attention professionals on the topic and the preparation of appraisal tools to observe maltreatment. Another, is the workshops for nursing and medical alumnuss should be conducted to observe and pull off elder maltreatment more efficaciously ensuing in prompt intervention steps. Potential research on assorted facets of attention of aged can press in the development of policy at governmental degree for the protection of geriatric population1. At national degree, electronic and print media can play a cardinal function in raising consciousness on this topic. It can move as a medium for the proviso of specially funded and recreational shelter places, free wellness attention installations, and formation of legislative policies ( Marshal, Benton A ; Barzier, 2000. Research Methodology The research attack which would outdo hole on the research inquiry would be qualitative in nature. I would wish to travel for Phenomenological method as it deals with the truth about world built in people s lived experience ( Polit A ; Beck, 2008, p. 227 ) . This attack can be applicable on those constructs which are cardinal to the life happenings of the human being. The nucleus end is to wholly understand individuals lived experience and perceptual experiences that it will bring forth. Inclusion Standards Inclusion standards will affect all aged people with an age of 60 old ages and above in both the genders. Another would be all aged population life in nursing places in Karachi. Exclusion Standards My exclusion standards would be all aged below 60 old ages of age. Decision

Becoming Influential Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Becoming Influential - Essay Example Second, this could mean lower-cost and in-time PHC delivery to a broader population. Third, it will remove or at least lessen the legal barriers, caused by different state laws that hinder APNs to provide PHC (Hansen-Turton et al., 2010; Safriet, 2011). Lastly, it will give the nursing profession the due recognition that has long been denied of it. As such, I hope; my message will accomplish three things: First, it will convince our policy makers address the legal barrier that only they can resolve in order to make the Affordable Care Act truly realizable. Second, it will allay lingering fears among the general public regarding APNs’ competence and reliability as PHC providers. Lastly, it will challenge APNs to continue improving and loving their profession in order to achieve the respect and recognition they long sought for. Deciding on How to Share My Message Being an ordinary nurse, I don’t think that sending a personal letter to President Obama or anyone in the US C ongress will be influential. I believe that using the social media will be the best thing I can do to make my message most influential. I know that I am not the only one who believes that APNs should be given a wider role in the provision of PHC. Other APNs share the same belief as demonstrated by the lobbying of the American Nurses Association (Appleby, 2013). However, if lobbying for this will involve only the nursing profession, this may be perceived as self-serving. It is therefore important to get involved in this fight those who are at the receiving end of the USHCS. The time for this is right, as the recent study by the Association of American Medical Colleges' Center for Workforce Studies reveals that more people, especially the younger ones (aged 18-34 years old), prefer nurse practitioners or physician assistant (Kliff, 2013). Hence, I will appeal to these people to help APNs convince the President and the Congress to once and for all settle this legal barrier for APNs to become PHC providers. I know that the medical community, especially those who are used to the traditional physician-nurse hierarchy will speak against the competence of APNs to do this job. Yet more than this, I still believe that reason supported by empirical evidence will prove that APN-delivered care are actually at par with physician-delivered care in terms of safety and quality (O’Grady, 2008). My Message From this assignment I learned three sad realities. First, transforming the USHCS is truly difficult, because it is marred with vested interests from various stakeholders. Second, commitment and competence of APNs are not enough to ensure the provision of quality healthcare to a broader public due to legal barriers. Lastly, the important role the APNs consistently play in the delivery of safe and quality healthcare remains undervalued and unrecognized within and outside the medical community until today. This is despite the many empirical evidences affirming the equal c ompetence and reliability of APNs and despite their heightened qualifications, training, and experiences. These happen because nurses tend not to get involved

Rawls's Theory of Distributive Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rawls's Theory of Distributive Justice - Essay Example Rawls’s theory has an historical root from social contract tradition that is associated with Thomas John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Traditional social contract theory addresses a state of nature that describes the content of a social contract which is an agreement to enter civil society. Distributive justice deals with the questions of distribution of liberties, wealth, and income (Rawls, 2003) According to Rawls there are two principles that are supposed to govern the basic makeup of a just society are the parties to the original position: an imaginary circumstance which specially constructed by a rational individual. The principles are (a) the principle of equal liberty and social justice where each individual has equal claim to adequate basic rights and liberties. In this system there are equal political liberties with guaranteed fair share. (b) The difference principle: there are social and economic inequalities that are attached to positions which are open to all un der conditions of equal opportunity, and they are to benefit even the least advantaged member in the society (Rawls, 2003). According to this principle, an inequality can benefit the person who gets the smaller share. Inequalities can form incentives which increase the size to shared, so that the smaller piece may be larger in absolute terms. The difference principle deals with strict equality under circumstances where differences in income and other rewards do not affect the incentives of an individual. On the other hand, in the real world currently, greater rewards bring forth greater productive effort, thus increasing the total wealth of the economy and therefore the wealth of the least advantaged (Rawls, 2003). Rawls argues that if the skilled and motivated increase their rewards then the poor will benefit than they would have been through equal allocation of income. He also realizes that redistribution cannot go as far as his moral preference for equality without making everyon e worse off. He argues for inheritance taxes because unregulated transfer of wealth through generation would end up in the accumulation of wealth in given section of society. According to Rawls, individuals who are not lucky enough to have wealthy parents do not have worse starting points than those who were so fortunate. He contends that society should tax the wealthy with the undeserved inherited gain of children of rich persons (Gerald, 1999). According to Rawls such a system of justice will limit the unfair resources and encourage the redistribution which will favor the disadvantaged. For Rawls it is unfair to leave the disadvantaged in no better position than before, even if the inequality does not harm them. In this way he emphasized the distribution type of justice which favored equal distribution of basic commodities like income and wealth. Practically, it implies that in difference principle, the society must distribute wealth up to the extent that the wealth of the most di sadvantaged is improved. In essence the society must tax and reallocate wealth of wealthy individual to the point where their incentive to generate more just fade away. Rawls describes his theory as political because it does not depend on assumptions that are usually unclear to rational citizens in a pluralistic society. He argues that justice require equality as it complies where everyone has fair equal rights and liberties. To Rawls disagreements are resolved on the basis of prior agreement

High School and School Teachers Essay Example for Free

High School and School Teachers Essay Abstract The report underscores the importance of the skills that are most essential and associated with career and college readiness, [Paul Weeks] says. Since many secondary school teachers arent familiar with the skills that have been identified as the most essential to succeed in college, high school educators cover a breadth of skills. Postsecondary instructors would rather see more depth, not a broad range that are only an inch deep, asserts Weeks. For example, two students can pass algebra but have vastly different experiences and their knowledge can vary greatly. Colleges review class titles but rarely evaluate the essential skills mastered in the class. Now we know what skills lead to college and career readiness, suggests Weeks. And the more high school teachers are aware of those skills and can teach them, the better their graduates will perform in postsecondary education. Boone County schools also are collaborating with Northern Kentucky University to develop basic math programs. We want to make sure that every student is at that level of mastery. It drives everything we do, [Karen Cheser] says. To prepare students to be college ready, it requires conversations, transparency, and a willingness to put out data. It takes community-will and providing resources, she remarks. Publication Title The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Publisher The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Date 08/2013 Study Explores Why many High School Graduates Are not Ready for College by Gary M Stern Content Type Journal Article Abstract The report underscores the importance of the skills that are most essential and associated with career and college readiness, [Paul Weeks] says. Since many secondary school teachers arent familiar with the skills that have been identified as the most essential to succeed in college, high school educators cover a breadth of skills. Postsecondary instructors would rather see more depth, not a broad range that are only an inch deep, asserts Weeks. For example, two students can pass algebra but have vastly different experiences and their knowledge can vary greatly. Colleges review class titles but rarely evaluate the essential skills mastered in the class. Now we know what skills lead to college and career readiness, suggests Weeks. And the more high school teachers are aware of those skills and can teach them, the better their graduates will perform in postsecondary education. Boone County schools also are collaborating with Northern Kentucky University to develop basic math programs. We want to make sure that every student is at that level of mastery. It drives everything we do, [Karen Cheser] says. To prepare students to be college ready, it requires conversations, transparency, and a willingness to put out data. It takes community-will and providing resources, she remarks. Publication Title. The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Publisher The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Date 08/2013 Study Explores Why many High School Graduates Are not Ready for College by Gary M Stern Content Type Journal Article Abstract The report underscores the importance of the skills that are most essential and associated with career and college readiness, [Paul Weeks] says. Since many secondary school teachers arent familiar with the skills that have been identified as the most essential to succeed in college, high school educators cover a breadth of skills. Postsecondary instructors would rather see more depth, not a broad range that are only an inch deep, asserts Weeks. For example, two students can pass algebra but have vastly different experiences and their knowledge can vary greatly. Colleges review class titles but rarely evaluate the essential skills mastered in the class. Now we know what skills lead to college and career readiness, suggests Weeks. And the more high school teachers are aware of those skills and can teach them, the better their graduates will perform in postsecondary education. Boone County schools also are collaborating with Northern Kentucky University to develop basic math programs. We want to make sure that every student is at that level of mastery. It drives everything we do, [Karen Cheser] says. To prepare students to be college ready, it requires conversations, transparency, and a willingness to put out data. It takes community-will and providing resources, she remarks. Publication Title The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Publisher The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education Date 08/2013.

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Samah Elmeri International Marketing 17 November, 2013 Abercrombie & Fitch Introduction For the purposes of this paper we will be discussing the boycott effects on Abercrombie & Fitch; a U.S based clothing company. At first we will analyse the concept of boycotting international companies to understand the different choices boycotters make when targeting the guilty company. We will look at the history of the company; it’s beginnings, evolution of concept, failures and successes. An important part of this paper will be assessing the main factors and reasons that led to the boycott. We are going to be analysing the effects of the boycott keeping in mind that although the reasons behind the controversial boycott have taken place a couple of years ago, only in 2013 has the boycott been initiated by several different parties involved. To be able to understand what triggered the boycott to begin we are going to try to understand how it all came about to begin with. There are several concerned parties in the boycott and each have their own agenda and reasoning to boyco tt the company. To give a more thorough analysis of the initiators of this particular boycott their relation to one another will be discussed in the paper. Another important part of the boycott is the different types of effects that these boycotters have on the company. We will closely study the reasons, the effects, the affected parties, and the path for damage control and reconciliation chosen by Abercrombie & Fitch as well as its results both the negative and the positive. Finally we will discuss the effectiveness of the boycott on the Abercrombie’s internationalization, market strategy, competitiveness, and market activities. Boycott History of Abercrombie and F... ...escribes Jeffries business savvy skills saying; â€Å"If history is any indication, Jeffries won’t let anyone — â€Å"girlcotting† high school feminists, humourless Asians, angry shareholders, thong-hating parents, lawsuit-happy minorities, nosy journalists, copycat competitors or uptight moralists — get in his way.† Another important issue that was addressed in the Business Report article is the fact that A&F only carries larger sizes in the men’s clothing because athletes are expected to buy A&F clothes however in the women’s clothing lines sizes are smaller and do not carry to larger sized females. â€Å"He doesn’t want larger people shopping in his store, he wants thin and beautiful people,† Lewis said. â€Å"He doesn’t want his core customers to see people who aren’t as hot as them wearing his clothing. People who wear his clothing should feel like they’re one of the ‘cool kids.â€℠¢Ã¢â‚¬ 

Assess the Aftermath and Impact That the First Opium War Had on China

Question: Assess the aftermath and impact that the first Opium War had on China Essay: The First Opium War fought between Britain and China from 1839-1842 was a clash between two vastly different cultures, one struggling to control trade rights, and the other desperate to limit the impact of foreign trade upon the local population. The war changed the way China acted towards its foreign counterparts, exposed the weaknesses of the Chinese feudal system and forcefully opened-up China to the rest of the world. There were severe economic, social and political consequences that the war had on China. Prior to the war China had believed that the Chinese empire was the ‘Heavenly Middle Kingdom’ and superior to all other civilisations. China had very little contact with the West and foreigners were continually looked down upon. Despite strict government regulations, foreign trade with the West in China grew during the late 18th & early 19th century. The West became desperate in trying to balance their thirst of coveted Chinese goods for their own goods but China showed little interest in Western products until 1817 when Britain sold 240 tons of opium into China and when the West found a product which China did not have, opium. Opium smuggling developed rapidly and the trade literally produced a country filled with opium dens and drug addicts. Thus the government decided to do something about this problem and sent Commissioner Lin Zexu to sort things out. However it was Zexu’s actions that eventually started a war in which brought China into a humiliating defeat. The Treaty of Nanking is an official document that marks the conclusion of the First Opium war; it is also considered an unequal treaty by the Chinese. China was ordered to handover Hong Kong, open up five more ports for trade and pay 21 million ounces of silver to Britain. Britain also received fixed tariffs, the ‘most favoured nation’ status and imprisoned British nationals were not to be tried under Chinese law. This treaty caused many problems for China as no restrictions were placed on British merchants who were free trade in China, the opium trade more than doubled in the three decades. As Hong Kong was to be ceded to Britain, it gave the British a base for further military, political and economical penetrations of China. Import duties were lowered from 65% to 5%, effectively traumatizing China's home industries. The treaty also exempted British nationals and any Chinese person who had either dealt with the British, lived with them or were employed by them, from Chinese law. This provided a refuge for Chinese criminals. No sooner had the Chinese emperor made concessions to Britain, he was faced with similar demands from US, French, Belgium, Sweden, Norway and Russian governments. Greatly weakened by war he had no choice but to grant their requests. Seeing China’s weakness, the foreign powers sailed up to impose treaties similar to that of Nanking. By 1860, a massive amount of 6400 tons of opium was being annually imported into China. Western merchants mainly bought silk and tea from China and the export of tea from China increased to 42,000,000 kg in 1855 from only 7,500,000 kg in 1843. The export of silk rose to 56,000 bales in 1855 from a relatively small sum of 2000 bales in 1843. The tea and silk producing regions around the treaty ports expanded and benefited from the foreign trade and resulted in more and more farmers who abandoned the production of food stuffs to produce silk and tea. When Shanghai opened up to foreign trade, the occupation shift for the coolies and boatmen who would transport tea and silk throughout the regions in Canton were now unemployed since the majority of trade moved from Canton to Shanghai. This caused a food price hike and the unemployment rise. As Canton wasn’t the only port open for trade, the inland boatmen who transported goods to Canton from other areas before the war, lost their business. The amount of European goods and opium that flooded china severely strained the economy and provoked an economic crisis which resulted in the shortage of the Spanish silver dollar. The Spanish dollar appreciated so much that Canton abolished it and introduced the Mexican dollar. The monetary disturbances in China was enhanced by the internal monetary crises in China were the Chinese copper cash continued to devalue due to poor management and insufficient supply of copper. The monetary crises devastated the Chinese financial system and caused the loss of morale. With the rush of cheaper Western machine-made products, the home textile industry in China was almost destroyed. For many centuries, clothes were made by hand so this business was heavily impacted by foreign trade. In order to survive, this industry had to decrease the price of their products but, because the production methods remained basically untouched, the cost of production was also unchanged. Therefore the lower price came at the cost of the lower of the living standards of the textile workers. The Opium War almost entirely collapsed China's economy. However, it also forced China's economy to quickly adapt and evolve. The war rushed China's development of capitalism. Even before the war, a market economy was already developing in China's urban areas. The â€Å"invasion† of foreign capitalistic powers enhanced this change. However, the coming of outside influences did not result in the independent development of capitalism in China; rather it turned China into a semi-colonial semi-feudal state. This happened because Chinese industries were exposed too soon to the outside world, being insufficiently prepared and poorly equipped to compete in international or even domestic markets. Western capitalism greatly changed and influenced the Chinese economy as on one hand, the opening of China damaged the basis of China's self-sufficient economy, the urban handicraft and rural homestead industries. But on the other hand, it greatly enhanced the development of China's urban market economy. After China's disastrous defeat in the Opium War, the Chinese realized that they were no longer the â€Å"Heavenly Middle Kingdom†. Having lost at the hands of the â€Å"barbarians†, Chinese intellectuals recognized that in order to deal with the strangers from the West, they must understand the Westerners and the place they came from. Before the Opium War, the Chinese concept of European countries was very vague and in some cases, even ridiculous. After the Opium War, China intellectually discovered the West as Western political ideas, social structures, and in some areas, new technologies were introduced. Western ideas of parliamentary democracy and capitalism were vaguely made known and international alliances became a concept. One of the writers, Wei Yuan, first proposed that in order to fight the West, China must learn from the West. Wei's proposal received many positive responses as it was after all that China lost to the Westerner's â€Å"strong ships and sharp weapons†. So, China for the first time established something on the equivalent of a foreign ministry which was mainly occupied with the study of Western technology, modernization of the Chinese army and the open of modern factories. The first factories opened were for the military, and specialized in the production of modern weapons and ships. The running of these factories did not depend on the profit it made, nor the demands of the market so money making was not a concern. This meant that administration techniques of managing a large commercial enterprise were not yet developed. Even so, seeing that Western enterprises made a profit, the Chinese government began to establish commercial enterprises. Immediately after the Opium War, Western merchants had not yet fully entered the Chinese market. The Manchu government, although short in profits, could still find enough funds to start new industries. The private sector also was quite wealthy. With the collapse of the feudalistic economy and the stimulations by Western capitalism, it was willing to invest in modern enterprises. At the same time, Western companies absorbed some Chinese capital. It could be said that shortly after the Opium War, Chinese capitalism had a good chance to develop. The Opium War exposed the weaknesses of the Chinese feudal system. The cost of the war and later the compensation all fell onto the shoulders of the farmers and civilians. The Manchu government could no longer protect, and govern its people and as China's economy collapsed, poverty was wide spread, and insurrection sprang up all over the country. The Manchu government showed its weaknesses when it signed the Treaty of Nanjing without using all possible methods of resistance. The Opium War helped to discredit the Manchu government and encouraged popular movements. For many Chinese, the Treaty of Nanking was a signal that the Manchu dynasty was at its end – humiliated, weak and corrupt. A republican movement ran across the political landscape, stimulating nearly fifteen years of civil war. Seeing the social chaos and the weakening of the Manchu dynasty, Chinese intellectuals sought to make China strong. Unlike the government, the intellectuals believed that adapting Western technologies and industries was not enough and that China must undergo political changes as well. Chinese intellectuals began to study Western countries and at the same time, the Chinese government imported Western technologies and industries. They, like the officials, believed that the government should allow and protect the growth of capitalism and that the army must be modernized to fight Westerners on the battlefields. But most importantly, private enterprises should be formed without government interventions and companies must be created to compete in the market place. The intellectuals also proposed a parliamentary system as a new, more democratic political system. This proposal was the first attempt of private citizens to get involved in the government. The Opium war created an entire new level of crime and disorder in Southeast China. The British navy drove away the pirates along the coast and up into the Kwangtung-Kwangsi highlands. There, the pirates would periodically raid plentiful villages up the river. To add to this, former militiamen used their weapons for banditry. The Opium War had led the people of China to witness the destruction of their military and navy by the strongest military force at the time. It led to a greater understanding and appreciation for West, despite their hatred for it. This led many people to consider and try to understand Western doctrines and beliefs. Also some British missionaries, who had knowledge of China and the language, played in the embarrassment of the country to which they had come perceived with no object other than to preach Christianity. Thus for the first time instances of foreign religion was seen. The Opium War was also one of the many factors that led on the famous Taiping Rebellion. Directly after the war feuds between the Punti and Hakkas clans rose. The Hakka people were Chinese that came from the north and had immigrated to southern China. They were treated as ethnic minorities by the Punti’s who were the Cantonese natives. This led to competition between the two in farming and economy. In the 1850’s the feuds and wars between these two clans resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives. The dislike towards the Hakkas eventually led them into following the Taiping Rebellion’s leader Hung Hsiu-chuan. Hung Hisu-chuan was the revolutionary leader who incorporated the Western ideals and beliefs of Christianity with classical Chinese themes. He believed himself to be the younger brother of Christ, and was sent on a mission to return Christianity to China. This belief was soon adopted by thousands of Hakkas alike, because of the loss of faith in the Ch’ing dynasty partially due to the defeat in the Opium War, it’s social and economic effects afterwards and the silver & copper crisis. The movement to change and restore China with Christianity finally resulted in the Taiping rebellion against the Ch’ing dynasty. The Taiping rebellion lasted from 1851 to 1864, causing the loss of millions of lives. The Ch’ing dynasty’s power was questionable during this time because the rebellion lasted so many years. Finally, the Ch’ing dynasty managed to organize an new army to overthrow the Taipings. This new army and organizations was aided by Western countries who wanted the Ch’ing dynasty to continue. If the Ch’ing dynasty was overthrown it would end the unequal treaties with between China and the West. The Opium War resulted in the dramatic changes in China economically, socially and politically. It no doubt opened China's doors to the outside world while changing China’s view and relationship with the Western world incredibly. The war shattered the idea that China was the ‘Heavenly Middle Kingdom’ as well as breaking China’s false sense of superiority over other nations. It resulted in a major change in the economy and the social relationship between the people of China and because of the Opium War, China was left with internal struggles and warfare, increased crime, an economy downfall in Canton and people without work or money. The Opium War led to the major influence of the Western cultures and belief in China, and the loss of power and control China had over Western nations. The unfair treaties that were created left China in weak position to the West, and opened China to Western influence which is still observed to this date. Bibliography: China, Opium Wars to Revolution by Michael Gibson. Wayland publishers, 1975 From Opium War to Liberation by Israel Epstein. New World Press, Beijing, 1956 The Chinese Opium Wars. by Jack Beeching. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975 The Inner Opium War by James Polachek M. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1992 The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes by Arthur Waley. George Allen and Unwin Ltd. , 1958 The Treaty of Nanking, signed on the 29th of August, 1842

Does Underwriter And Litigation Risk Effect Ipo Pricing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3954 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Going to public fund is one of the strategies to company to getting additional fund. Before that, company must publish their share to bursa Malaysia before invite the public to buying their share. But for unlisted company they cannot simply publish their share to public and they must be listed in bursa Malaysia first. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Underwriter And Litigation Risk Effect Ipo Pricing" essay for you Create order With that they must publish their prospectus when the first time they want to issue share to public and this is we called Initial Public Offering (first time going to public). Background In Malaysia history of IPO are begin when Malaysia stock market was establish as the Malaysian stock exchange in 1960. 1n 1973 the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Berhad (KLSEB) and Singapore Stock Exchange (SES) are begin to replace the Malaysia Stock Exchange. In that time number of company that issuing IPO is not more to 500 companies. From 1973 until 2007 the IPO trend is showing quickly publish. In 1973 the number of listed company only 262 and up until 2007, Malaysia stock market have 1028 company. This rapid increase in the number of new listings is attributed to a number of factors, mainly to raise financing for expansion, to reduce the cost of new funds and to reduce the level of leverage (Shamsher et al., 1994). In 1980, the market valuation in Bursa Malaysia is about RM43 billion and rea ch to a trillion ringgit in year 2007. It happen when many companies are started to going public fund. Apart from that in year 1991 to 2003 the individual retailers have constituted more than 85% of the market player in bursa Malaysia IPO. Compared to the individual retailers group, the institutional investors group is reporting a smaller average at 2.05%. The remaining 6.47% of the market participants is consisting of others. From the 1984 to the 1995 the newly issue of IPO on the main board on KLSE is 173 company. Similar like that, when certain company wants to issuing the IPO, they are requiring by law to allocate 30% for Bumiputra investor. The main objective is to ensure the Bumiputra has own shareholding at least 33% on the entire market share. The pricing of IPO in Malaysia are regulated by Security Commission (SC) and it only take place when ministry of Trade and Finance (MITI) and Foreign Investment Committee (FIC) have giving their consent to the listing. It means the SC has make valuation on company in term of company financial statement and performance to evaluate whether certain company is really valuable to publish on the bursa Malaysia. One of the differential and unique IPO in Malaysia is, major of shareholder and the promoting bank (underwriter) have the choice to provide the profit guarantee not less than 90% on forecast profit on prospectus. Another way, the prospectus of company must be publish in Bahasa or English language and it must submitted to MITI, FIC and SC and the first trading is about in 12 month. The company, is not to seek approval the right issue from the SC during the 12 month they are listing, because actually the time between companies submit prospectus date to the SC for approval right issue to start trading is about 6 month. Recent reforms in Government Linked Companies (GLCs) are expected to improve performance and encourage private investment. More than 40 GLCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are listed, comprising less than 1 0% of Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP. Changes in management, adoption of performance based contracts for management and implementation of key performance indicators (KPIs) are some of the reform that has been underway since April-May 2004. Merger and Aquistion (MA) actively declined in volume terms, due to a lack of very large transaction. Nonetheless, the number of MA transactions has remained stable over the past two years. Singaporeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Temasek Holdings acquired large minatory positions in Malaysia banking and plantations companies. In the automotive industry, Chery Automotive, a Chinese assembler has announced plans to earmark Malaysia as their regional distribution hub, while Proton reached a deal to assemble Volkswagen Cars and distribute them in Southeast Asia. Proton, Sime Darby and Telecom Malaysia have all announced acquisitions of foreign companies too. 1.2 Problem Statement Initial public offering (IPO) one of the manners to company get additiona l fund thru equity funding, when certain company wants to increase their operation, but it not sufficient fund of borrowing they can officially going to public fund primary market (when first time company going to public). In other words, this IPO tend use by small growth firm to increase their capital and to issuing new capital. This company must be perfectly evaluating certain cost, i.e. cost of underwriting, attorney fee, cost of management time allocation to the lawsuit, reputation cost and so on. All of these cost potentially become liability for a small company in the first time they issue IPO. The first problems of the research are to identify about the underwriter effect on IPO. Apart from underwriter, second areas on this research will looks on information of the companies, information also can become higher cost for issuer, they will incur cost to encourage information generation prior to the IPO and after the IPO because issuer want giving good impression to customer a bout their company. But for customer, cost will be incurred when they want searching strong information about certain company profile. Basically, IPO will be determining by investment bank and IPO firm managements to setting up IPO price (offer price spread). This to make comparison, between company offer price (company determine IPO price) and what actual price should be offer by company. On top of that, potential litigation costs are quite significant for firms that have recently gone public. Attorney fees, the costs of management time allocated to the lawsuit, reputation costs, and settlement costs represent an enormous potential liability for a young firm. The last areas we will look on relation between risk and IPO in an aspect of the litigation-risk, where the firms with higher litigation risk will affect their IPO? 1.3 Approach of the Study In research we have two methods, firstly we have quantitative and second the qualitative (Gubra and Lincon, 1994). In our resear ch the quantitative method will be chosen with the purpose of this study because it able to value observation, precise measurement, statistical analysis, data collection is fix/cannot manipulate, variable truth and the most important is the hallmark good quantitative research are reliability and validity of data collection. After data are already collected it will be need to be edited, then data have to be coded and lastly data have to be key in and software programmed used to analyze the data. After data has been analyzed, we can make interpretation to getting conclusion about our research and make recommendation or suggestion to make improvement to Malaysia IPO. The final result also can be use for investor to do decision making about the attraction investment for them. 1.4 Scope of Study The scope of our research is consisting all company listed during 2000 until 2008 in Bursa Malaysia, whereby compasses 8 years in areas of to identity whether the Underwriter, Litigation and Prospectus will influence company pricing of IPO. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter we examine those factors generally considered to impact IPO performance to assess the extent to offering price is likely to be set and in setting the offering price. It is organized into two sections. The first section presents the historical of IPO and second section given the capital structure, secondary market return, litigation and prospectus in effected the IPO pricing. 2.1 Initial Public Offering Malaysia law define sale of expand authorize share of a company as new issue and the offer of share from the existing shareholder to the public is define as sale of share. The new issue market therefore consists of new issue and the sale of share of private company and government linked company to the public. Regulator approves new issue with elaborate care to ensure public interest is safeguard and the approval process may take up to a year in a large placement. Offering new issue to outsider help to raise finance for expansion and to obtain less costly source of new fund. Some research has been done by Fama 1984, company that listed in the New York market raise capital at a lower cost, the having from which amount to three quarter of one percent compare to unlisted company. Apart from that the investor has purchase of share listed in the secondary market obtain nominal yield, with are lower on average than in the new issue market. This extra return in a new issue market is the insider value factor which make offer price lower thus giving a high return. The over subscription of new issue keep feeding the frenzy for new issue. One study has suggest that the over subscription rate in Malaysia average 46 time (Dawson 1987, Yong 1991). Similar like that the new issues are price by the market at a much higher level than would be the case if (a) the new issue was equally like to be issue in bull or bear market and (b) there is no frenzy in wanting to subscribe to new issue. Because of the frenzy in the new market issue, there is practice pressu re during the initial few month, which keep the price artificially high during this early period after listing. At the same thing, one would expect the price in the new issue market to attain normal level after the initial few month when normal price unfettered by price pressure begin to emerge. For another part the new issue are substantially underprice in the Australian, UK, USA and the developed market. It similar behavior found in Malaysia because the offer price appears to be a deep discount of the initial day for market price. But the extent of underpricing is smaller in the developed market than in the developing market. The research finding on the IPO in the some developed country such as Australia, UK, USA and developing market such as Korea, Malaysia Singapore and other suggest an apparent underpricing of new issue because offer price appear to be a large discount off the initial listing day market prices. Considered again the long run share market return report in all these country, and the reward rate of those allocation new issue are substantially higher than normal rate of return in the secondary market of these country. Therefore, new issue should provide higher reward, which is the source of underpricing. apart from that the investment bankers try to reduce the offer risk and cost of underwriting by underpricing the issue. The present evidence of underpricing may also be due to the uncertainty about the real value of share and the related need to offer compensation to the investor for assuming the risk of the uncertainty. But for recent research has been done (Arif, Prasad, Shamsher and Annuar 1994) contradict this widely disseminated explanation. Share appears to be issue at their intrinsic value but then price are bid up by an optimistic investment market, which wrongly interpret demand pressure as understanding. While Ross (1984) explain the underpricing of IPO using the idea of information asymmetry between informed and unimformed invest or. He suggest that the asymmetry of information between the issuer and their investment banker is less relevant for pricing. 2.2 IPO and Secondary Market Returns Bradley et al (2009) examined IPO secondary market returns on the first day of trading during 1993-2003, and findings important things. First, there are open to close return are much larger than previously documented and potentially exploitable. It was averaging over 2% during the sample period. Second, we found that the market does not reach an equilibrium price until approximately 2 h into trading. Although this average is driven upwards by IPOs during bubble period. Third is that effect is persistent over the entire sample period, considered where they consider several non-mutually exclusive explanations, such as: price support by the lead underwriter, laddering, retail sentiment, and information asymmetry. They also examined the impact of retail sentiment on secondary markets return and found there were a stro ng positive relationship between the proportion of small trades and open to close returns consistent with the view that retail demand and sentiment can push IPO prices higher. But this argument assumes that these overoptimistic retail investors would ultimately experience a reversal. They also argue that information asymmetry can be in the form of aggregate demand uncertainty, which is unlikely to be resolved until the IPO opens for secondary market trading. 2.3 Company Capital Structure Basically firm has two source of fund, firstly they can use from internal fund and second for external fund. For internal fund they can use additional retain earning and also additional equity of shareholder and for external fund it can be use loan from financial institution and primary debt issue in the debt market. The capital structure theory is inconclusive about which factor determine borrowing level, expect providing the general idea that a firm ability to identify positive net presen t value investment should determine capital need, and further that a firm capital structure quality also determine the tax shield value from debt. Modigliani and Miller (1958) argue that the capital is not influence by a firm financing mix under the assumption that the capital market is perfect and there is no corporate tax. Average cost of capital will be lowering when market is imperfection and it increase value of the firm subsequent to borrowing. But for (Robicheck and Myer 1966, Hamada 1972) the firm financial risk will be increase when company has make decision to continuously borrowing. For another part if company is have extra debt, the shareholder risk will be higher. It happens because if these companies are going to bankruptcy, the first company obligation action is paying all their debt first. For (Gupta 1982) before company achieves maximum debt, the maximum value of the firm will always be reach first. Company has made decision going to public because they want to i ncrease fund to run the business in big scale. For (Gordon 1990) examined the relationship between a firm financing structure and the company technology. His result has supported the idea that firm with high capital to labor ratio acquire financing to run it business. 2.4 IPO and Litigation risk In our study on litigation, Skinner (1994) finds that the threat of litigation potentially alters firms disclosure behavior, and Krishnan and Krishnan (1997) and Shu (2000) find that this same threat causes auditors to stay away from risky clients. We extend this line of research by documenting another effect of litigation risk, it leads IPO firms to lower their offer price as one form of insurance against future litigation. Tinic (1988) tests the litigation-risk hypothesis by comparing the IPOs prior to and subsequent to the 1933 Securities Act, which substantially increased the legal exposure of IPO issues. Alexander (1991) examines 17 computer-related IPOs in 1983. She finds that se curities lawsuits were more likely filed when the dollar amount of the ex post stock price decline was sufficient to support the fixed cost of bringing a case. She also finds little variation among the settlements as a fraction of shareholder losses. Further, consistent with the deterrence effect of IPO, there is evidence that firms that engage in more IPO significantly lower their litigation risks, especially for lawsuits occurring closer to the IPO dates. After controlling for the endogeneity of initial returns and lawsuit probability, both the insurance and deterrence aspects of the litigation-risk. The simultaneous-equation framework used in this study is potentially useful for other settings. 2.5 IPO and Prospectus Information The process of taking a firm public enables firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s owners to realize both personal and professional goals. Taking the firm public, for example, enables entrepreneurs who have invested considerable time and resources in building t he firm to sell a portion of the firm, thereby providing personal funds as a reward for their efforts and enabling them to diversify their wealth (Rock, 1986). Moreover, the IPO helps entrepreneurs secure funding that allows them to pursue growth opportunities for the firm. As the firm grows, entrepreneurs may find themselves unable to secure increasing capital requirements to fund firm growth. Also, entrepreneurs may seek to avoid covenant-filled commercial loans that hinder their ability to take the risks necessary to pursue firm growth opportunities (Rock, 1986). Investment bankers are responsible for coordinating the stock offering for the IPO firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s managers (Benviste and Spindt, 1989). They provide an invaluable source of guidance for IPO firm entrepreneurs and managers, most of whom will have had no prior experience with the complex, often lengthy, process of taking the firm public. In addition to facilitating the IPO process by counseling firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ â„ ¢ entrepreneurs and managers, investment bankers assume primary responsibility for effectively marketing the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s securities to the investment community. The investment bankers determine the offer price spread, which must be disclosed either in the preliminary prospectus or shortly after filing the registration statement in an amended prospectus. The actual offer price is not determined until the day prior to the stockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offering. This spread and offer price are of central importance to the entrepreneurs taking the firm public, as they determine the amount of funds the IPO firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s owners can expect to raise as a function of the stock offering. Given their centrality in the IPO process, it is important to understand those factors that may assist investment bankers in their initial determination of the spread within which they believe the final offer price will be set and, subsequently, the final offer price. The price sp read may provide an indication of the level of uncertainty surrounding the IPO. Uncertainty in the IPO context derives largely from the fact that the firm, while it may have an extensive operating history, has not previously operated under public scrutiny. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter are consist and will be discuss about the purpose of the study, population of study, data collection, independent variable, dependent variable, research modeling and the lastly the data analysis. 3.1 Population of Study The population of our research is consisting all company IPO from 2000 until 2008. We also want to identity whether the Underwriter, Litigation and Prospectus situation will influence the investor to make the investment and how they react to company announcement of IPO in the good economic situation. On top of that, we might look on about company performance before and after the 1997 Malaysia financial crisis on the areas of our study. 3.2 Data Collection To investigate the new IPO issue since 2000 until 2008, which had all the require information for analysis on our research. The public record in various issue of investor digest, daily diary and the company files from Securities Commission (SC) and Bursa Malaysia (BM) were accessed to obtai n value for the variable. On top of that, requests for IPO prospectuses were sent to all firms undertaking IPOs in 2000 and 2008 as identified by the SC. 3.3 Independent Variables We rely on three independent variables for hypothesis testing, the first is the Prospectus Information. Founder CEO is a dichotomous variable with zero being a nonfounder CEO and one a founder CEO. CEO retained equity is calculated as the percentage of the IPO firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock that the CEO will hold following the opening day of trading. These data are reported in the prospectus filing. Board composition is measured as the percentage of independent outside directors serving on the board. Board size is measured as the total number of directors serving on the IPO firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s board. Second independent variable is Litigation Risk, as argued earlier, a firm about to make an IPO faces a trade-off in its pricing decisions. A higher offer price increases proceeds from the IPO, but it also raises the expected litigation costs. Two predictions emerge concerning the cross-sectional relations between IPO and inherent litigation risks. First, firms with higher litigation risk purchase more insurance, that is, they their shares by a greater amount (the insurance effect). Second, firms who choose higher levels of insurance incur lower expected litigation costs in the form of reduced probabilities of lawsuits. The third part is underwriting. The underwriter is playing to influence the public confidence about the company. If the company IPO is not over subscribe, the underwriter will be help that company to resell the IPO and maybe buying the IPO behalf of the company. When the company first time to setting the IPO price, it to hart to determine the suitable price because lack of expertise. The simple way to company is making negotiate with the underwriter. The issuer and underwriter is lock to the offer price regardless of the subscription of the market movement. Basically inside the underwriter agreement it conclude the underwritten fee, amount and whether the issue will indemnify the underwriter again all liability, cost and expence incur by the underwriter in relationship to the issue. 3.4 Dependent Variables This variable is computed as the difference between the high and low values in the range of offer prices established by the investment bankers. We calculate this measure as the (stock price at the time of IPO the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s book value)/stock price at the time of IPO. This price reflects the price at which the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock will be sold to initial investors on the opening day of trading. A firm litigation risk is also increasing in the volatility of the stock. One way to obtain the expected volatility is to use the standard deviation of prior stock returns. However, this is not feasible for IPO firms. Another alternative is to use the standard deviation of post-IPO returns. However, this is not obser vable prior to the IPO and may not be in the managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ information set at the time of the offering. For (Smith, 1991 and Raghavat 1996) the company that issue the new security in public need the investment banking to become their underwriter in return for a commission comprise management fee, underwriting fee and the lastly the selling concession. The compny also must carefully choose their investment banker to become their underwriter, because the good of underwriter will be able this company increase their IPO price (negotiation and discussion between bank and company). One of the criteria is the underwriter must know the company industry, tern of propose offering, potential conflict of interest relating to the investment banker affiliation with the issuer competitor and the ability to the company provide research support after the offering price. 3.5 Research Modeling DEPENDENT VARIABLE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Prospectus Information Initial Public Offering Litigation Risk Underwriter E(à ¯?†¢i) = ÃŽÂ ²1 + ÃŽÂ ²2X2 + ÃŽÂ ²3X3 + ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Xà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ + à ¯? ­i. ÃŽÂ ²1 = Intercept, value of à ¯?†¢I when X2, X3, X4, equal to zero (0). ÃŽÂ ²2 = Changing in à ¯?†¢i when X2 change with assumption X3, X4, is constant. ÃŽÂ ²3 = Changing in à ¯?†¢i when X3 change with assumption X2, X4, is constant. ÃŽÂ ²4 = Changing in à ¯?†¢i when X4 change with assumption X2, X3, is constant. X2 = Prospectus information X3 = Underwriter X4 = Litigation risk à ¯? ­i = Yi error in population. The hypotheses are stated below: H0 = 0, mean has no significant relationship. H1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0, mean has significant relationship. Prospectus information H0 = Prospectus information does not significant relationship to IPO H1 = Prospectus information has significant relationship to IPO Underwriter H0 = Underwriter does not significant relationship to IPO H1 = Underwriter has significant relationship to IPO Litigation risk H0 = Litigation risk does not significant relationship to IPO H1 = Litigation risk has significant relationship to IPO 3.6. Data Analysis The final stage of our methodology is data analysis. When the data already run we will elaborate on the various statistical test and make interpretation of the result. To analysis our research we use SPSS for window software. The data was analyse to identify, examine, compare and interpreted theme and pattern. The analysis has been started after the collection of all the necessary data basically come from secondary data collection. Use of this SPSS software is illustrated which mainly because they are easily available in business settings. In data analyses, we have three objectives, firstly getting a feel for the data, second testing the goodness of the data and lastly testing the hypotheses developed for the research.