Conflict Resolution (Team Dynamics for Managers) Essay Example for Free

Conflict Resolution (Team Dynamics for Managers) Essay A major conflict that appears in many, if not most, groups appears to be miscommunication or lack of communication. There are several solutions available to resolve miscommunication. Each member of a team has certain strengths and skills that help resolve occurring issues. When a team is confronted with miscommunication or lack of communication, having a plan is a necessity. Lack of communication can easily lead to miscommunication in a group and cause many reoccurring issues. Certain confliction techniques can be used to not only eliminate the issue, but also understand the underlying issue at hand. Conflict and Solution Personal Strengths to Resolve Issue Creating a detailed learning team charter that involves all members allows each individual to contribute their strengths in problem solving. Generally, charters are mainly used as a tool to contact other members outside of the team environment. The other members offer their information and would be responsible to check into the team in a reasonable amount of time. This is the beginning opportunity to highlight each members strengths and especially how willing they are to participate. Participation is one of the main behaviors that help a team strive or fail. How little or how much a person chooses to participate confides solely within them. This is especially true since individuals learn and retain information in different ways; the application of strengths can be applied in separate and unique formats in a team. The most appropriate conflict management would be Jerry Wisinski’s A-E-I-O-U Model, which focuses on collaboration and what he calls positive intentionality, the assumption that other people are not trying to cause conflict (Engleberg Wynn, 2010). After completing the charter and knowing what is expected of each member, the most appropriate method of communication would be speaking with and checking in with members outside of the group. Conflict Management Techniques Each conflict is special in its nature and requires customized care depending on the situation or context with which the problem resides. â€Å"†¦all managers—whether they be supervisors, middle managers or chief executive officers—must learn to manage conflict if they are to be effective in leading their particular organizational units† (DuBose Pringle, 1989, p. 1). The idea that a problem should be â€Å"managed† crops up because conflict is a known and necessary part of organizational development. Conflicts shape organizations; but why must an organization go through a difficulty or hardship in order to understand conflict management? â€Å"The term ‘managing’ implies that conflict is not inevitably destructive† (DuBose Pringle, 1989, p. 1). Conflicts are not unchangingly damaging because it is necessary for growth to come across a few growing pains. Organizations with good management almost always succeed and dreams of growth come into fruition when conflicts are appropriately managed and managers understand the integrality of their interpretation of conflict management and its many different techniques. The team was very natural in its ability to choose a proper technique and utilize it in order to overcome the conflict at hand. The collaboration technique was used successfully as the team was forced to put their heads together and come to a decision with regard to the conflict. The collaboration was effective due to the participants’ unwavering objectivity and understanding of the conflict and how to manage it. Each party had their responsibilities laid out neatly in order to quickly and professionally get the job done. The team was highly prepared for any conflicts and managed them upon manifestation due to the highly comprehensive group. Accommodation is another technique the team productively used. Accommodation is used when the conflict is more important to the other party involved in the conflict and is treated with thoughtfulness by the other members; this technique was also successful because the team was able to â€Å"pick their battles† and strive to meet all the expectations of the team leader, and their teammates (DuBose Pringle, 1989). Additional Conflict Management Techniques Team communication generally appears to be a conflict that exists within the members of the group. This can only be solved within the members and the willingness to strive, learn, and accomplish together as a group. It takes personal inactive and being open to others suggestions to make communication strong and effective. Strong communication would prove to eliminate miscommunication and therefore lack of communication. Setting goals can always be a productive approach to ensuring success and keeping members focused on what needs to be accomplished, and the most effective route to complete tasks. The important balance of goal setting in groups is making sure that personal and team goals do not outweigh one another. Goals are more productive when they are shared and known with other individuals. Making, keeping, and sharing goals in the team environment are essential to success and eliminating miscommunication. In some cases where conflict is stronger than problem solving, it is necessary to seek help outside of the group. Third-party intervention occurs when a group seeks the services of an impartial outsider who has no direct connections to the group, but has the skills needed to analyze the conflict and helps resolve it (Engleberg Wynn, 2010). In learning team environments, the instructor is the third-party intervention and has authority to make decisions as deemed necessary to help keep the team productive and functioning as a whole. Arrival of Decision The group’s natural understanding of conflict management, and the team leader’s fantastic ability to choose proper techniques, strengthened the team’s ability to get the job done. When conflicts arose, the team effortlessly went through a decision process and effectively outlined the techniques that worked the best. The team was able to utilize all participating members’ strengths to move on with the project after nipping all problems in the bud. While some issues call for more drastic measures, accommodation and collaboration was the team’s two most valuable assets when managing conflict internally. Some issues require an entire modification of the organizational structure which could set back the team, and even the organization, for a very long time. Good management within the organization knows the proper way to take care of problems that arise from conflicts. Good management understands that the symptoms and the disease are two completely different things and should be handled as such. When managers â€Å"settle† problems for lower-level managers, it implies that they do not fully understand the real problem and how to fix it. Symptoms are stopped once the root of the problem is remedied. Conclusion When lack of communication occurs in a group, miscommunication is often followed. Certain personal strengths, such as a willingness to strive and learn from others are important in a group setting. Creating a team charter helps eliminate the issue of miscommunication. Setting goals, being open to other’s thoughts and opinions, and seeking help from outside of the group are all techniques to resolve a conflict in a group setting. The arrival of decisions are done by working as a team, using proper problem solving techniques, communicating, and having a good leader. References DuBose, P. B. Pringle, C. D. (1989). Choosing A conflict management technique. SuperVision,50(6), 10-10. Retrieved fromhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/195581288?accountid=35812 Engleberg, I. N. Wynn, D. R. (2010). Working in groups (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn Bacon.

Business Plan For Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop Marketing Essay

Business Plan For Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop Marketing Essay Hakuna Matata coffee shop is managed by a team of three individuals. It is a joint of each persons contribution and different ideas and skills which we have expressed our best opinions and interest to achieve the roles of Hakuna Matata. This is a business pursued by three individuals executing the opportunity of opening a coffee shop right in the city centre and to best coffee sellers in the city, we have got the opportunity to be not only the best coffee sellers but also to gain a market share and create market segment and most of all to build a customer relation, the customer could either be a walk in customer or a corporate customer. The major roles of Hakuna Matata are to become the best and most popular coffee shop in the area serving at least five hundred customers daily. The companys objective is to turn profits for every month of operations and maintain a gross profit margin of 60%. Hakuna Matata is specialized in coffee and other value added service is that it provides other beverages like various types of juices and sodas, milk, tea and distilled water bottles and snacks, as coffee would certainly be more attractive with chocolate cookies and some crackers to enjoy the coffee. Each member of the team contributed evenly towards the completion of the business plan. Grace Busara researched on the management, Halimafilsan researched on the financial plan while I researched more on the marketing plan for the business plan. There are a lot of different things that could help the coffee shop be more successful that is by efficient team work within the 3 of us, including our hired staff, these are the waiters and the security guard, which all play their roles, and are part of the coffee shop. Where the team runs smoothly, we make sure that that every process is been taken charge to work efficiently, that is by assigning the tasks equally, so that there is all equal inputting to the coffee shop. It is efficient to do work as a team than as an individual as team work comes up with different ideas and views; we get to know each other more, which could lead us to the success of our coffee shop. By team work the tasks are accomplished efficiently. PROCESS OF IDEA INITIATION Through our research we discovered that there are very few coffee shops in the market, most of which subscribe to the low cost leadership strategy, therefore, Hakuna Matata as an opportunity in the market and by using differentiation strategy it could gain a market share and create its market segment and build a strong customer base. There are tremendous interest in entrepreneurship in Tanzania, inspire of the country being a third world country; we managed to compile the resources needed for an entrepreneurship. We came up with three ideas of small scale business enterprise which would be booming in Tanzania for at least the next five years. The idea of coming up with a business of coffee shop was accepted by very all three members of the team, that is by considering all the positive factors of opening a coffee shop in the city which includes the opportunity which from our research we discovered that there are very less coffee shops in Dar es salaam city and in the market which subscribes to the low cost leadership strategy , where Hakuna Matata can get a chance to use the differentiation strategy whereby we can have an opportunity to gain a market share and also create market segment and build a strong customer base. The idea of a coffee shop business plan came up after a long thinking and analyzing the ideas and views of other proposed business plans which was contributed by the team members. The structure of the business is quickly evolved, like the experiences in the commercial market, that knows how many coffee shops exist in the city and the coffee shops surrounded near by our coffee shop location. It takes much more to operate a coffee shop as such a product, the idea of selling coffee as a beverage, we have to be able to continuously offer what customers are looking for, and therefore we should consider that there is no shortage of consumers for the coffee beverage, as there less coffee shops surrounded within the area. After a lot of brainstorming and doing research of opening a venture in a country like Tanzania, we had come up with several ideas in which we had three best choices, these are the coffee shop, garbage collection and event management planning, all these three ventures seemed interesting to us, but we found that the coffee shop would me more attractive the market. INDUSTRY AND COMPETITIVE The position of Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop fills in the market place, which will be on reason for its success; the coffee shops aim is to accomplish its target by being the best coffee sellers in the city, and to attract every customer by our coffee by providing the best coffee and providing good customer services. The position of Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop will carve out for itself in the market, as it will be opened the whole day till evening, our target customers will be all the surroundings offices, these are The Bank Of Tanzania, National Bank Of Commerce, Azania Bank Limited, FBME Bank Limited, CRDB Bank limited and many other banks surrounding our coffee shop, including also the walking customers and other offices surrounding the location of the coffee shop. Looking at the grid, Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop is the only concept which feels good about its role pf selling and preparing the best coffee in the city, which captures the families and children and all types of genders and ages. It also captures the advantage of relatively short preparation time, and coffee is served. Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop is well positioned to take advantage of the significant opportunities by expanding the industry of providing coffee beverages. The coffee consumption on the rise is dependent on the agricultural sector, whereby there are a lot of coffee farmers but a few coffee beverage sellers in the market, thus Hakuna Matatas bargaining power is high and thus it can acquire large volumes at a low price and the culture of drinking coffee has always been there in the market for example the local vendors who walk around with coffee in a kettle. Hakuna Matatas market is within the metropolitan area whereby the number of consumers is substantially high. Since Tanzania is a tropical area and the need for cols drinks is necessary, thus Hakuna Matata will make its beverages both cold and hot as Dar es salaam city is has a moderate temperature above 28 degrees centigrade, therefore various types of other beverages will be offered, such as soda, tea, distilled bottle water, tea, milk and different flavors of juices. In this same segment the customers are further divided into female consumer who prefer milk tea and coffee which is not strong while the male clients prefer black coffee or coffee that is very strong. Hakuna Matata is targeting two main customers, one is the fixed customers which consists of the office workers, shop keepers, college and university students, whereby this group is the most liquid and consume large amounts of coffee per day, since our fixed consumers have limited time, Hakuna Matata will have store the coffee in the privately owned utensils which can will make it easier to the customers to leave with them as take away. The second target groups are the mobile consumers, these are the daily and new consumers, this group consists of individual who do not have a fixed location such as shoppers, pedestrians, walk in customers and many more. Our competitors are classified into two categories, that is the first priority competitors and second priority competitors, the first priority competitors are the ones which we have used the differentiation strategy, this includes serving coffee at the best quality level. The second priority customers are using the low cost and no frill strategy to gain a market share; this includes the local coffee makers and the street vendors in the city. Currently the completion for coffee as a beverage amongst coffee sellers is not fierce, whereby the seller can enter and leave the market rapidly. Coffee beverage selling is a relatively new industry in Tanzania, as it is not in the culture of Tanzania compared to tea, therefore the industry is in the state of flux, with less market leaders and nationally known providers or widely recognized brands as the other coffee sellers provide coffee which does not meet the taster and the requirements of the consumers. PRESENTATION EXPERIENCEANALYSIS Presetting a business plan helps us and the user to identify the objective of the business and analyze it in a critical manner; it helps us to focus in the feasibility of the business and to identify the chances of growth and success. It also enables to manage the business too accordingly and with a positive attitude. The presentation of the business plan is a way of communicating with your business which defines the purpose and the competition of the business and the management; it identifies the intention of creating a business into reality. it is important to present a business plans as it is useful if we are applying for a bank loan to fund our coffee shop, or trying to get an investor who can come and invest in our coffee shop, this could either be our friends and relatives or the government. The business plan presentation is useful if we are fund raising in general. No one will give us money nor fund as we have not planned your business plan positively as the business plan consists of how much money we need and for what purposes of the business, the marketing plan, the sales strategies, the profit projection. A business plan guides us on how we can raise capital and gives us a road map so we should know where the business is building up and growing. By presenting the business plan it is easy to identify the strength of the coffee shop business, as the demand for coffee increases daily due to our location which is in the city centre, this will also enable us to know who our customers are. We also noticed that coffee beverage is a push product as Tanzania does not have the culture of drinking coffee, though our target customers are mainly, the corporate offices, banks and other large organizations in the city, as coffee could become seasonal due to the weather in Dar es salaam which is humid through out the year. We also fear new entrants in the coffee market which could deploy our venture, although we have fewer competitors. It is very important to plan the business before executing it to reality, this will make us know how the business is going to survive and grow within the specific time, a business without a plan would certainly fail in a short period of time, hence it also enables us to achieve our targets and business goals. ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO Our start up capital is 20 million Tanzania shillings, where each member has contributed 5 million and another 5 million will be taken from FBME Bank limited as a loan. Our assumptions are that we assume a slow growth without recession taking place in Tanzania, we assume that there will be no unforeseen changes in the public health perceptions about our coffee and beverages that we offer to the consumers, we also assume that our finances are going to be sufficient to maintain our projected financial plan and we also assume that it will continue to grow as production increases. Besides coffee shop we also had different ideas on creating a small scale enterprise, researched the market and the environment surrounding us, whereby a lot of brain storming was done by all the three members of the group and came up with three different scenarios which we could create business plans were coffee shop business plan, event management business plan and garbage collection business plan, whereby our last and final choice was the coffee shop business plan. One of the ideas was to open a garbage collection, we researched and compiled the information which was to target the commercial and residential market, we came to know that the competitors are going to be low but the legal and financial requirements will not be able to cop up with our minimum amount of our startup capital. We came to know that there is a political risk in this business as the ministry of health had to approve the standard of our venture. We had come up with three different ideas amongst the coffee shop and garbage collection; we also had done our research on event management. From our research we learnt that event management planning will need a small start up capital and even the costs would be low, the marketing would be much more easier, planning the financials was depending on the event, being three of us it would be difficult to run an event, where a large labor force is required for this venture in order for this business to run well and the even to be successful, due to the large labor turnover, as since it is a new business we would be able to pay our staff. Event management being a high profit margin industry, as everyone would likes celebrations, and a well organized event the venture is highly profitable. This venture requires professional skills and high degree of energy for the execution of the event, it also requires communication, strong networking to be known in the market, excellent public relation is very important and we all three lack experience in events as we do not expertise art and creation of the venues. This two mentioned scenarios, disapproved us from choosing to open the ventures, therefore we choose coffee shop as a venture, as we all had the passion of selling coffee and making coffee in different methods and styles and from our knowledge and experience we finally concluded by opening the coffee shop in the city centre. USEFULNESS OF A BUSINESS PLAN As time passes the business develops. The business plan is a very useful and strategic tool which enables the company to achieve its target and goals within a given period of time, business plans are believed to be attainable if followed accordingly and by planning to reach the targets. The business plan compromises the plan on how to achieve the goals and targets including the management team, the usefulness of the business plan are that it includes the financial plans indicating the profit margin for each year respectively. It also shows the break even analysis. The business plan includes the marketing plan, this enables on how our coffee shop will be useful to the population surrounding the shop The financial plan section is the most important part of the business plan which shows how the ideas are viable and it is a key component in determining wither the business plan is going to be able to attract any investment in the planning of the coffee shop. The financial plan section compromises of financial statements which are divided into the income statement, the cash flow projection and a balance sheet including a brief explanation and analysis of each statement, therefore, the financial plan guides the growth and development of the coffee shop. When starting a venture, seeking additional capital for the coffee shop and setting new business process incase of the coffee shop fails to run, we need to write a plan detailing on how we will mange the resources and requirements which also includes the marketing decisions, the financial projections, a trend of the production demands and also personal needs. The plan reflects on three main constituencies that is the customer, the investor and the producer. A business plan has to be presentable to convince the venture capitalist, which should consists of a number of related issues that relate to the factors such as the critical success of the coffee shop, the human factor, the opportunity, the context and the possibilities of risk and reward, by analyzing these issues a business plan illustrates how the enterprise will seize the opportunity to enter the market and how its stand out amongst its competitors and how it plans to maintain a continuing growth trend. The investor or the per son who would be interested in captivating the coffee ship should see the level of detail before making any financial decision to the new coffee shop. OTHER AREAS For a business plan to be successful and profitable we clearly need to understand the firms customers and strength and completion in the market, it is the owners and shareholders who have to understand the behaviors of the customers and the strength and weaknesses. We should also have the ability to foresight and plan the future of Hakuna Matata Coffee Shop and its future expansion strategies. When it comes to the expansion of the coffee shop we need to know the financial plan which will enable us to how the coffee shop is growing. In order to operate the coffee shop more effectively we will have to manage the bargaining power of the suppliers and to manage the bills and also customer complains, as we need to take this matter into consideration in a calm manner and not to chase away the consumers. We have to show the consumers that we not only serve the best coffee but also our services are to a high standard of customer expectation.

How Is Water Scarcity Affecting Algeria Environmental Sciences Essay

How Is Water Scarcity Affecting Algeria Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays, all over the world one from two people has no access to drinking water and one from two people does not benefit connection to a sewerage system. Blue Gold plays a vital role in global warming and other phenomenon that is increasingly importance and which poses a problem in the management of water resources. Water shortages exacerbated by climate change that affects all continents and over 40% of the world population is already affected by the problem. 1.1 billion People lack access to clean water to meet their daily basis needs. 2.6 billion People lack access to sanitation adequate. The daily drinking water is 2 to 4 litters per person. They valued at approximately 130 litters / day / person in rural areas and 350 litters / day /person in urban areas these needs include all uses related to the activity daily of the person. Algeria is a country in the semi-arid climate and is affected by the shortage. Its great urban population are under pressure, it becomes almost impossible to meet the demand. The constraints imposed by the water problems in Algeria hinder its development. Water resources are increasingly rare while the needs are increasing. Â  In Algerian cities, water is no longer supplied continuously (Bethemont J. 1991). Schedules of distribution of drinking water directly influence the satisfaction of demand water population. Demand is growing more and more time and requires proportional growth in supply, this needs is rarely achieved. While the mobilization of water resources has never stopped growing, but this growth is insufficient and less than demand, resulting in a gap between the amounts requested and the volume delivered through the water. Oran, the second city in Algeria (western of Algeria) has annual rainfall very low, the location and climate has affected the type of crops suitable for region with the advent of independence of Algeria, decisions policies have unbalanced the existing micro-climate. The uprooting of vines and change the countrys agricultural policies have resulted in an exacerbation of the arid climate. Everyone is in fear of days without rain. 1-Brief about Oran Oran is the second largest city of Algeria (from 48 provinces which called wilaya) and one of the largest in the Maghreb. Oran has preserved its identity while soaking up the influence of its successive occupants. It is a port city on the Mediterranean, north-western Algeria, and the chief town of the wilaya of the same name bordering the Gulf of Oran. It is Located 432 km west from the capital Algiers, the municipality had 685 000 inhabitants in 2007, while the town had about 1 235 000, it has a population of approximately 2 million inhabitants. The city is an economic and academic importance Oran has a Mediterranean climate marked by a classic summer drought. During the summer months, rainfall becomes scarce or nonexistent, and the sky is bright and clear. The subtropical anticyclone covers the area from Oran for nearly four months. However the region is well watered during the winter. Low precipitation (294mm rainfall) and frequency (72.9 days per year) are also characteristic of this climate. On the eve of the French colonization, there were only 18 000 inhabitants in Oran and its suburbs. Although during his good times, the city does not seem to have attracted over 30 000 inhabitants, the population of Oran double that figure only 50 years after the French arrived. Less than 70 years after the beginning of colonization, Oran passes 100 000 people to become the fifth French city. In the early twenty-first century, it has become one of the major cities of the Maghreb and approaches regularly by 1 000 000 Intramural people. After the Evian agreements and the independence, Europes population abandoned the city. Half of Oran finds deserted homes left empty are quickly reinvested after independence. 2-Statement of the Issue/Problem The demand for water needed for the promotion of industry and population use keeps increasing. Therefore, this situation caused by a lack of a strategy for water resources management resulted in the loss and waste of water resources. This has become critical as it hinders and blocks the development of the countrys economy. In the city of Oran, water management poses a difficult problem for the authorities. The resources which are available are less than those which are required. The outdated fashion of water conveyance and insufficient storage capacity hinder the correct distribution of water to the consumers. The daily quota per inhabitant remains small in comparison with international norms. The water management is not efficient Oran has in the past three decades an explosion worrying population, because not prepared to handle this influx of population. This situation resulting from two main reasons: Rural depopulation safe. Rural economic exodus Population of the town of Oran from 1980 to 2010 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 527000 604000 647000 675000 706000 765000 852000 RESOURCE: ministry of internal affairs -Algeria This led to an exacerbation of socio-economic (housing, drinking water) and Public Health (access to care). The city of Oran always had a deficit in water resources and the deficit has increased exponentially with the disproportionate increase in the population. The curves of the evolution of Rainfall averages 14 years (1993 = 435.15 mm 2007 mm = 251.2) show the deficit, which is correlated to the temperature rise. Configuration geographic region of Oran (plain) has disrupted its water policy, since it has no reserves of its own. The city has always been dependent on other provinces (Tlemcen, Mostaganem, Chlef) for its needs water. Proportion of distribution of water potable in the city of Oran % RESOURCE: ministry of water resources-Algeria According to the ministry of water resources statistic (2007) there are only 27 percent of inhabitants receive the water potable every day, while 21 percent receive it every two days, and more than 50 percent of inhabitants do not receive water drinking regularly, 24 percent of them receive it each three days and 17 percent receive it each four days, while the others 11 percent cannot access to the water drinking less than 4 days. the water strategy was depending mainly on rainfall, while The quantities needed by the population have continued decline in recent years in Oran, because of the disproportionate between the needs and the demands, the population have increased year after year while the resources have decreased (1993 = 435.15 mm 2007 mm = 251.2) and this causes drought phenomenon which may lead to the lake of water drinking. Resource: ministry of agriculture and irrigation The department of irrigation in Oran consider the needs of the city from drinking water per day around 320 000 cubic meters, while the amount currently produced and directed to distribute is approximately 200 000 cubic meters per day. This critical situation creates the re-emergence of diseases previously under control, such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, viral hepatitis A and E and fever Parasitic diseases are not left behind and make a resurgence worries health services (malaria, schistosomiasis, and leishmaniasis) 2-The local government policy of water potable in Oran: The main objective of the state water policy consists on providing sufficient potable water for the population supply. This objective was undertaken by increasing the water resources and availability. The local authority has put into action a wide programme taking into consideration several tasks, as: 2- 1-Increase rainfall collect capacity (dams construction): Since the local government policy was depending largely on the rainfall, the government has tried to exploit this resource by increasing their capacity of storage by building new dams, such as BENI BAHDEL dam. Its volume is 63 million cubic meters of water. To reach the city of Oran, the services of the hydraulic build some 170 kilometres of pipelines. The work has continued for ten years. The construction of dams will result in a substantial reduction of the impacts, namely landscape change. Construction of a rock fill dam would indeed require the extraction of quarry from the near sites can Produce 4.82 million cubic aggregates for the construction of the dam. 2-2 Implement new way of management: The local government have tried to implement the resolutions; to ease conflicts between the regions in urban and rural water development by adopting agricultural approaches more effective, such as the use of irrigation technology consumes less water, and the development of agricultural production programs saving water. (Such as olive, etc) 2- 3-Depending to other province: to secure the needs of the city from drinking water, the local government follow a policy that aim to achieve their inhabitants need from the potable water by bring it from the neighbour provinces such as Mostaganem, Tlemcen, Chlef etc, these provinces have additional resources of water 2-4- Restore cities water distribution facilities: the local government have tried to restore the network of water distribution; one of the major reasons that cause the water potable deficit is the incompetence of this network which causes sometimes the waste and misuse of water. 2-5 National water Law (revised in 1996 under law No. 96-13). This Code includes several articles related to wastewater discharge, pollution abatement, the Protection and preservation of water bodies and wastewater reuse for agricultural and Industrial purpose 3-The alternative policies: Although the effort that have been made and the actions that have been taken by the local government but the problem is still exist, the inhabitants still find a difficult to access to the water potable, and this may refer to the policies that have been implemented by the government to deal with this problem, however there are others policies could be more effective to solve this issue, this policies could be described as follow: 3-1Seawater Desalination: To overcome the lack of water and cope with ever-growing needs, given the population growth potable water, the local government could think about the desalination of seawater, as an alternative solution to deal with the drinking water problem, it could opt for seawater desalination especially since this solution is not dependent on weather. reverse osmosis units must install for the next years to produce a total capacity of 57.500 m3 per day, this quantity could help to ease the problem by providing a certain pert of the city needs, while the cost of creating a desalination unit is approximately 30 million dollar, comparing with the cost of transferring water from the other province 6000 billion dinner= 1 billion dollar, seem very sheep Seawater desalination could be regarded as a strategic option to secure the population needs of water supply. An ambitious program is actually undertaken to equip other province (the capital Algiers) by seawater desalination plants ranging from 50 000 to 200 000 m3 per day 3-2 Exploit of Ground water: A lot of water experts indicates that ground water resources in Algeria are estimated at 43 trillion cubic meters, 4 000 billion are used each year, more than 5 trillion are located in the north east (Oran in other province). This resources could be exploited and contribute in resolving water problem. Though the consumption of individuals varies between 100 m3 and 5000 m3 per year and that Algeria is ranked among the poorest countries in this context, with less than 700 cubic meters. They state that water resources are abundant in Oran region but not exploited, and that one in six of the world, finds it difficult to have regular or even periodically water to resolve this problem. International reports reveal, in the same context that Algeria suffers from a lack in water, and water experts indicate that the average consumer in the region reached 500 cubic meters per year, warning against the emergence of serious crisis in 15 years. 4- Recommendation: according to the alternative policies that have been mentioned above, and regarding to the resources that are available the recommendation in this issue can be addressed as follow: 1- The Oran local government decision-makers have relied on rainfall as a resource of the drinking water, they must move towards a policy of mobilizing non-conventional water resources. The operation has already been launched across other parts of the country and it achieves the success, and may it will become the solution for the town water crisis, where the lack of clean water is increasingly felt, and the aim of this policy is to double the current daily capacity. 2-All the water experts agree on the need to change the content specific policy of water. The management of water must be transformed todays sustainable management of water and this change in shape implies beyond political expediency, a substantive change. For the policies implemented so far follow the logic of engineering domestication of natural water resources and adapt, often offering for application. However, we cannot also forget that water is a scarce resource in the time and space, which requires taking into account the needs of management, and social and environmental practices of water 3- The local government decision-makers and planners cannot simply ask the technicians to try and mobilize the water as it was practiced and is still far, but they must focus on identifying strategies to shape a more careful management of local resources and at the same time doubling efforts to control population growth. To achieve this; companies, governments and civil society must work hand in hand to reconcile three worlds that have long ignored: Economy, ecology and social. In the long term, there will be no development possible if it is not economically efficient, socially equitable and ecologically tolerable. 4- The local decision-makers should implement new polices that not rely mainly on rainfall, they should address the alternative policies that cost less and more efficient such as seawater desalination, it could be more effective to resolve the crisis of potable water with very less cost comparing to other chooses, establishing a unit of seawater desalination with capability of daily production 60 000 cubic meters does not cost more than 30 million dollar, while transferring water from other province could cost around 1 billion dollar. Conclusion: In Algeria, even when not taking global climatic change into account, water scarcity is an important problem with acuity in many areas of the country. Since the seventies, dryness prevails in an intense and persistent way. The impact on the water resource already appeared through, the reduction in the rivers flow, the low level of filling dams and the global fall of the piezometric level of the principal country aquifers. In the future, the current deficits of the water resources will increase. This will lead to obvious problems of management and strategy to ensure a durable development for the country.

Lord Of The Flies, An Analysis :: essays research papers

People are privileged to live in an advanced stage of development known as civilization. In a civilization, one’s life is bound by rules that are meant to tame its savage natures. A humans possesses better qualities because the laws that we must follow instill order and stability within society. This observation, made by William Golding, dictates itself as one of the most important themes of Lord of the Flies. The novel demonstrates the great need for civilization ion in life because without it, people revert back to animalistic natures. When the children become stranded on the island, the rules of society no longer apply to them. Without the supervision of their parents or of the law, the primitive nature of the boys surfaces, and their lives begin to fall apart. The downfall starts with their refusal to gather things for survival. The initial reaction of the boys is to swim, run, jump, and play. They do not wish to build shelters, gather food, or keep a signal fire going. Consequently, the boys live without luxury that could have been obtained had they maintained a society on the island. Instead, these young boys take advantage of their freedom and life as they knew it deteriorates. The boys spark the onset of tragedy when the pig hunt evolves as more than just an activity. Jack and his band of hunters love the thrill of the chase. They spend much of their day searching the pig runs enjoying the brutality they cause on other living beings. This amusement is taken too far when Jack introduces face paint into the game. The face paint takes away the identities of the boys and transforms them into nameless savages. They hide behind the paint â€Å"liberated from shame and self-consciousness† (Golding 64). Jack’s mask overpowers the rest of the boys and they go off to hunt despite some discontent. Eventually, the painted warriors ready a fortress at one end of the island. This tribe brings nothing but death and destruction to the island. Moreover, the newly formed group of warriors even develop a dance that they perform over the carcass of the dead pig. They become so involved in this dance that that warriors kill one of their own kind. By chance, Simon runs from the forest towards the group that is already shouting â€Å"‘Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood!’† (152).

Envy of the Procreative Power of Women in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Sca

Envy of the Procreative Power of Women in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a novel about procreation. Though Hester Prynne is the mother of Pearl and the creator of the scarlet letter in the novel, Hawthorne is the symbolic mother of the novel, the letter, and the characters. Careful analysis of the text reveals a pattern of womb envy and an attempt to master it on the part of Hawthorne. The concept of womb envy-- envy of the procreative power of women (Kittay 126)-- has been virtually ignored by both psychoanalysts and literary critics since Bruno Bettelheim first introduced the idea. Though intended as a supplement to the concepts of penis envy and the Oedipal complex developed by Freud, womb envy has not generated the attention that penis envy has. This may in part be due to Freud's interpretation of the desires of the males in his case study to bear children as be "anal, autoerotic, or homosexual" in nature. (Kittay 127). Since Freud ignored the possibility of men's envy of women's childbirthing abilities, most of his followers have as well. The disparity in the acceptance of Freud's and Bettelheim's concepts can best be seen in psychoanalytic criticisms in the literary world. Examples of "penis envy" and "Oedipal complex" readings abound. Hamlet's desire for his mother causes him such guilt that he resurrects his father and goes insane. Gertrude's promiscuous and incestuous marriage to her late husband's brother Claudius is a symbolic attempt to gain a penis. Virginia Woolf's invented sister of Shakespeare is a symbolic penis. At the same time, few literary critics have attempted to explain character or author motivation in terms of womb envy, despite the fa... ...st new mothers, Dimmesdale dies after delivering his sermon and confessing his sins. Chillingworth is unable to survive this loss since his dependency on Dimmesdale is unnatural. Of all the central characters, Hester, along with Pearl, is the one who strong enough to survive. Works Cited Benstock, Shari. "Of Gardens, Gold, and Little Girls." The Scarlet Letter. Murfin, Ross C., ed. Boston: St. Martin's, 1991. (292-303). Kiehl, Joanne Feit. "Re-Reading The Letter: Hawthorne, the Fetish, and the (Family Romance.: The Scarlet Letter. Murfin, Ross C., ed. Boston: St. Martin's, 1991. (235-251). Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Murfin, Ross C., ed. boston: St. Martin's, 1991. Kittay, Eva Feder. "Mastering Envy: From Freud's Narcissistic Wounds to Bettelheim's Symbolic Wounds to a Vision of Healing." Psychoanalytic Review 82. (1995f): 125-157.

The Life of Ansel Adams :: Photography Photographers Essays

The Life of Ansel Adams President Jimmy Carter, in presenting Ansel Adams with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, best describes the life and work of Ansel Adams. "At one with the power of the American landscape, and renowned for the patient skill and timeless beauty of his work, photographer Ansel Adams has been visionary in his efforts to preserve this country's wild and scenic areas, both on film and on earth. Drawn to the beauty of nature's monuments, he is regarded by environmentalists as a monument himself, and by photographers as a national institution. It is through his foresight and fortitude that so much of America has been saved for future Americans." Ansel Adams has long been hailed as a master of photography. Environmentalist and photographer, he was born February 20th, 1902 in San Francisco California to Charles Hitchcock Adams. He was the grandson of a wealthy timer baron and he grew up in the sand dunes of the Golden Gate Bridge. His family's fortune diminished during the financial panic of 1907 and his father Charles spent the rest of his life trying to rebuild it. In 1906 at the age of 4, Ansel was thrown to the ground during an aftershock of the great San Francisco earthquake and broke his nose, scarring him for life in the process. This physical characteristic along with a natural shyness also led to the young Ansel having problems in fitting in at school. After trying several schools with little success, his parents took him out of main stream schooling in 1915 and Ansel received home tutoring from an aunt and his father. As a result of not attending school, the young Adams had a lot more time to himself and he used much of this time on long walks around the Golden Gate area. It was here that his life-long love of nature grew and it was perhaps this that put him on his path to becoming a landscape photographer. In 1916 there was another event that was to be pivotal in shaping Adams future. On a family vacation to Yosemite National Park, California his parents gave him a Kodak Box Brownie camera. He was to return to Yosemite again every ye ar for the rest of his life. This summer I had the opportunity to live where many of these Yosemite and other pictures were taken. One of his most famous photographs was of the many curves of the Snake River, with the picturesque Grand Teton Mountains in the background.

Joint Family is Better Than a Nuclear Family

Now days we rarely see joint family. But I believe that Joint family have more advantages than nuclear family. Basically we have to understand what a joint family means, our father says, his siblings and their families living together can be considered a joint family. In joint families all the family members sit together and discuss their own promblems with the family members. In nuclear families there are only the parents and the children. The advantage is that you can spends more time with your children and you become a person of your own will. And the disadvantage is that you do not have the guidance or the experience of the elders to help us in the difficult times. In joint family if any one person in the house is facing any kind of problem, all the people will come together to help him and will try to find the solution for that problem and will solve it. While in nuclear family we have to solve it own and no one is there to help us. Joint family is definitely a boon always. We learn so many things which help a person to build up his personality In the current scenario, both the couples have to work to run a family in that case, if there is some elder to take care of the kids at home, then the parents could work without much of stress. In urban areas like chennai you hardly get to see any joint family. We lose many valuable experiences when we grow in a nuclear family. But if you grow up in a joint family you naturally tend to be more adjusive and caring. You will be attached to your family members ,i am not saying people growing in nuclear family are not attached but they do not know how to express it. In joint family their is lot of love and affection for each and every member of the family, while in nuclear family love and affection is not as much which is their in joint family because everyone is busy in their own life and no one has time for each other. On the other hand joint family has some harmful effects also like In joint family their weaker person will always be weaker because He/she believe that other are their to help him out in problem, while in nuclear family the weaker will try to become strong as he/she knows that their is no one to help him out in the problem. .